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HomeMy WebLinkAboutVI (C2) First Reading Ordinances: Ordinance No. 2000-17, Design Standards for Site Lighting, Land Development Code Amendment i Agenda 3-07-2000 Item VIC2 "CENTER OF GOOD LIVING-PRIDE OF WEST ORANGE" MAYOR•COMMISSIONER O,tO@A S.SCOTT VANDERGRIF"T CITY OF OCOEE COMMISSIONERS •; DANNY HOWELL -• a 150 N.LAKESHORE DRIVE SCOTT ANDERSON a OCOEE,FLORIDA 34761-2258 RUSTY JOHNSON .n w (407)656-2322 NANCY J.PARKER Qt e00v CITY MANAGER STAFF REPORT ELLIS SHAPIRO DATE: February 24, 2000 TO: The Honorable Mayor and City Commissioners FROM: Russ Wagner, AICP, Director of Planning / SUBJECT: Proposed Upgraded Site Lighting Standards Ordinance No. 2000-17 ISSUE: Should the Mayor and City Commissioners amend the Land Development Code pertaining to Site Lighting Standards? BACKGROUND: When the City enacted the upgraded Commercial and Industrial Development Regulations as part of the Ocoee Land Development Code, a section on Site Lighting was added to protect adjoining roadways and neighboring properties from adverse glare and intensity. Additionally, the regulations prescribed the general types of lighting fixtures that could be utilized and created a design standard for color of fixtures (black) as part of a unified site amenity package. After utilizing these regulations for a short time, it has became apparent that a more detailed, comprehensive approach to site lighting is needed to match standards and practices generally accepted by national lighting industry experts. The upgraded regulations proposed to be adopted are based upon extensive research of other site lighting ordinances, industry guidelines, state requirements, and practical applications. The regulations could go further to control minimum lighting standards, residential lighting, street lighting, types of lighting fixtures / lamps and similar items; however, the goal has been to keep the regulations relatively easy to administer since lighting design can be technically complex. DISCUSSION: Research Information The upgraded standards have been written to further control glare and the intensity of site lighting. Quality of lighting is promoted vs. quantity. This approach to site lighting is the latest design initiative being fostered by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA). This organization of designers is composed of Professional PorZ- Protect©ccee SkaterR eurces, Page 2 The Honorable Mayor and City Commissioners February 24, 2000 Engineers within the lighting industry who specialize in all forms of site and building lighting. The attached excerpt from the latest IESNA Recommended Practice publication pertaining to Lighting for Exterior Environments formed the basis for most of the proposed changes to the Land Development Code. As outlined in that publication, effective lighting must take into account many factors, and a "more light is better" approach is simply unwarranted. In addition, to the IESNA information, we have also secured background data from The International Dark Sky Association (TIDSA). This group, headquartered in Tucson, Arizona, is a national clearinghouse for information pertaining to exterior lighting design. In addition to our staff securing information on lighting ordinances in Florida (Naples, Collier County, Marco Island, and Sanibel), TIDSA has provided a significant amount of background material on lighting design (excerpt attached) plus site lighting ordinances from around the country. As with most cutting-edge regulations, the State of California leads the way in the number of communities which have adopted site lighting regulations. Control of Glare Glare is caused primarily by unshielded light sources. Glare does nothing to improve lighting quality, and instead, limits visual acuity. It is distracting by nature, and along a roadway, can create a serious safety hazard. Excessive glare is indicative of inefficient site lighting design. It is wasteful of energy since much of the light is lost to the sky and not directed to the ground or building where it is intended. Within the upgraded regulations, glare is controlled by a variety of means, namely: a. Limits on height of fixtures (30 ft.) b. Luminaire Type (Full-cut off fixture head) c. Lens type (Flush) d. Shielding (Downward directed fixtures) e. Encasement of lighting (Canister fixtures in canopies) f. Elimination of flood lights and spot lights The utilization of these design approaches will virtually eliminate the sources of glare and direct lighting downward to maximize lighting efficiency. This approach also minimizes the competition for attention which is so prevalent along strip commercial areas. Similar to sign ordinances, which control the proliferation of more, bigger, brighter, and flashier signs that become unreadable due to the massive clutter created; the elimination of glare, when used as a purposeful attention-getting device, will minimize the cumulative effect of businesses trying to outdo each other with excessive site or building lighting. Page 3 The Honorable Mayor and City Commissioners February 24, 2000 Illuminance Levels The other main goal of the upgraded regulations is to regulate the intensity of light which is provided on a site. Again, as identified in the IESNA practices, the quality and distribution of light is a much more important feature of site design than pure quantity of light provided. The primary purpose of site lighting is to provide adequate illumination for operational and safety purposes. Once these criteria are met, any further lighting is unnecessary and wasted. As a practical matter, the need to regulate "minimum" lighting levels within new developments is largely unnecessary, since owner liability and security issues dictate the provision of a reasonable amount of light within parking lots and at building entrances. Conversely, the "more is better" approach to lighting design requires regulation to ensure that a site is not over-illuminated and turned into a flashy, merchandizing device which all other businesses feel compelled to compete with. - As stipulated within the/upgraded regulations, both average and maximum illuminance levels have been identified for a range of commercial, industrial, office, service, and specialty uses based upon IESNA and industry standards. The levels apply to all developed portions of the site, are measured at ground level, and allow for a .75 maintenance factor which recognizes that the efficiency of the lights diminishes over time. The lighting levels vary with the type of use and the relative need for a specific level of lighting needed for safety purposes and to conduct business. The minimum average illuminance level will meet State Statutes for convenience business security (attached) and the practical design average (4-5 foot-candles) meets the recommendations of the American Society for Industrial Security (attached) pertaining to retail users. The maximum illluminance levels stipulated in the regulations are more than adequate to safely light building entryways and provide enough light for the operation of color security cameras. Even so, the new regulations make provision for lighting levels to exceed those stipulated if required by State Statute or unique circumstances. In general, the lighting levels permitted for the majority of commercial and industrial uses should not cause much concern by those users. The City has recently approved (via waivers) site plans for West Oaks Towne Center (Best Buy) and Silver Crossings (Publix) which conform to the proposed regulations. Additionally, Hudson's Furniture Store and West Oaks Square (across from the mall) met the existing 1.00 average foot candle requirement. Based upon preliminary discussions, even the Super Wal-Mart designers have indicated that they can easily design their site to meet the upgraded regulations. The users which are expected to argue against the proposed standards are primarily convenience stores, gas stations, and car dealerships. Even though the upgraded regulations provide significantly higher illuminance levels for these users based upon IESN standards, the gas station and auto sales industry have begun a concerted effort in the last several years to utilize extreme lighting for marketing purposes (see attached PetroMart business excerpt). As pointed out in this article, merchandising "...pushes • '1 • Page 4 The Honorable Mayor and City Commissioners February 24, 2000 lighting to the highest levels. The goals here are to create an eye-catching image that will draw customers to the property". The article goes on to indicate that task and security lighting get the job done, but that "competition dictates a strategy—stations need something to help them jump out and attract passing cars". Thus, the extra high illumanance levels being promoted by the gas station industry are not for safety reasons, but rather for marketing reasons only. Similarly, the auto dealers do not need to worry about a safe environment, they simply desire a greater amount of attention being brought to their site. The amount of light necessary to adequately inspect a vehicle for sale outdoors is easily met by the upgraded lighting standards. As previously mentioned, such competition for attention using extreme light levels only serves to encourage further competition by other commercial users and ultimately creates a safety hazard for motorists in addition to an unsightly visual environment. Summary Staff has attempted to craft a set of regulations that balance the interests of the community by promoting a pleasing visual environment while also ensuring that the safety and identification needs of businesses located within the City are met. The upgraded regulations are an important component of those standards established to ensure quality commercial and industrial development within Ocoee. In order to better understand the relative nature of these proposed lighting levels to real world installations, we have included a list of local business sites with light level readings taken within the past several days. Staff believes that after consideration of all of the materials and information presented, the adoption of the proposed standards will benefit the citizens of the community and continue to place the City at the forefront of quality community development practices. PLANNING AND ZONING COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION: At their regular meeting on February 8, 2000, the Planning and Zoning Commission held a Public Hearing to consider the proposed upgraded Site Lighting Standards. (See attached draft minutes) The Planning and Zoning members were very interested in the proposed regulations and asked numerous questions related to lighting of signs, reflected glare, grandfathering of existing lighting, security cameras, energy conservation, average vs. maximum foot candles, and roadway safety. The only public comments were from representatives of Saturn who requested that the proposed standards related to auto dealerships be liberalized to benefit outside sales. There were numerous questions from the Planning and Zoning Commission related to the Saturn position; however, some members felt strongly that traffic safety along State Road 50 was of paramount importance and that too much light could be a hazard. The need for minimum lighting levels for safety purposes was also discussed, and there was general consensus that this should be added to the regulations. In general, the Planning and Zoning Commission was highly supportive of the upgraded regulations and thought Page 5 The Honorable Mayor and City Commissioners February 24, 2000 they were well researched. Based upon the foregoing, the Planning and Zoning Commission voted unanimously to recommend approval of the proposed ordinance to upgrade Site Lighting Standards as recommended by Staff, subject to establishing a minimum average of one (1) footcandle of illumination for safety purposes. STAFF RECOMMENDATION: Based upon the foregoing report and the recommendation of the Planning and Zoning Commission, Staff respectfully recommends that the Mayor and City Commissioners adopt Ordinance No. 2000-17 to upgrade the Site Lighting Standards within the Land Development Code together with the following amendment: (x) For safety and security reasons, a minimum average of 1.0 footcandle of illumination shall be maintained over the developed portion of a site during normal business hours. RBW/csa Attachments: Ordinance—Blackline and clean copy IESNA Recommended Practice The International Dark-Sky Association literature Florida Statues 1997—Chapter 812.173 American Society for Industrial Security article PetroMart business article List of local lighting levels Draft Minutes of Planning and Zoning Commission Meeting of Tuesday, February 8,2000 Public Hearing Notice O:\CALEXANDER\ALL DATA\CAPDFILE\Staff Reports\2000CCSR\SR00034.doc . • ®ITT ORDINANCE NO. - AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF OCOEE, FLORIDA RELATING TO LANDSCAPE DESIGN STANDARDS FOR SITE LIGHTING; AMENDING THE PROVISIONS OF THE OCOEE LAND DEVELOPMENT CODE, CHAPTER 180 OF THE CODE OF ORDINANCES OF THE CITY OF OCOEE, FLORIDA BY REVISING SECTION 6-14(C)(2)(i) OF ARTICLE VI (AS ADOPTED BY ORDINANCE NO. 99-23) RELATING TO SITE LIGHTING; PROVIDING FOR SEVERABILITY;PROVIDING AN EFFECTIVE DATE. WHEREAS, the City Commission of the City of Ocoee desires to minimize glare, light pollution and light trespass and improve the overall quality of site lighting within professional office, service, commercial, and industrial zoning districts and within all property • approved for professional office, service, commercial, and industrial uses within Planned Unit Development zoning districts; and WHEREAS, the City Commission desires to revise the Landscape Design Standards relating to site lighting to effectuate these changes. NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT ENACTED BY THE CITY COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF OCOEE, FLORIDA, AS FOLLOWS: SECTION 1. Authority. The City Commission of the City of Ocoee has the authority to adopt this Ordinance pursuant to Article VIII of the Constitution of the State of Florida and Chapter 166, Florida Statutes. MUTT SECTION 2. Section 6-14(c)(2)(i) of Article VI of Chapter 180 of the Code of Ordinances is hereby amended to read as follows (with additions underlined and deletions stricken): 2. Landscape Design Standards i. Site Lighting (i) Parking lot Llighting standards poles and fixtures shall be decorative in nature, metal, painted black, and not exceed 30 feet in height, and They shall be equipped in sueh a manner as to promote quality versus quantity of lighting, to screen out horizontal glare, and to eliminate spillover onto adjacent tracts. (see Figure 12). Site Parking lot lighting shall not exceed an average of 1.00 foot candles candle in intensity over the entire lot at any property boundary adjoining a residential use. (ii) Decorative lighting shall be provided along walkway connections and within pedestrian areas along building frontages where parking lot lighting is inadequate to provide sufficient illumination. Lighting Lamp pests poles and fixtures shall be metal, painted black to match parking lot fixtures, and not exceed 12 feet in height:, and be equipped with shielded or full-cutoff luminaires incorporating flush-mounted lenses. (see Figure 12) Decorative low light walkway bollards may also be permitted where appropriate. (iii) Site lighting shall not incorporate spot or flood-light fixtures mounted on building walls,.-er roofs, or poles. (iv) Lighting of on-site buildings shall be limited to shielded wall-washer type fixtures or down up-lights which do not produce spillover lighting—or night-sky pollution. (v) Lighting at building entrances may exceed 1.00 foot candle in allowable standards of intensity for safety purposes, however upon demonstration to the City that compliance with this subsection will create a public safety hazard and that special and unique conditions exist requiring additional lighting at building entrances; provided, however, that such lights shall be directed downward to minimize spillover lighting and glare. (vi) Lighting fixtures located under porte-cocheres, service station canopies or similar structures shall be totally enclosed within the structure and utilize flush- mounted or recessed lenses to direct lighting downward to prevent any visible glare to surrounding properties, adjoining roadways-, parking areas or walkways. • DRAFT (vii) All site lighting shall be designed to minimize glare, light pollution and light trespass while promoting high visual acuity in accordance with recommended practices as contained in Publication RP-33-99 of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. All lighting fixtures shall be equipped with shielded or full-cutoff luminaires incorporating flush-mounted lenses. (viii) All site lighting within parking, pedestrian, landscape, service and driveway areas of the uses listed below shall not exceed the following illuminance levels recommended by the Illuminating Engineering Society of America utilizing a maximum .75 combined maintenance factor: Average Illuminance Maximum Illuminance in Foot Candles on in Foot Candles on Ground Ground Enclosed Shopping Malls 2 7 Office, Service, and Industrial Uses 2 7 Commercial Uses and Shopping Centers 2_5 7.5 Convenience Stores and Service Stations 3.5 10 Auto and Boat Dealerships 5 15 Illuminance levels shall be computed over developed portions of each site only and shall not factor in enclosed building pad areas or retention pond areas lying outside required landscape buffers. Time-averaged or other alternative methods of computing illuminance levels shall not be permitted. (ix) Lighting may exceed allowable standards of intensity to the extent necessary to comply with (a) Section 655.92, Florida Statutes, related to automated teller machine lighting, (b) Section 812.173, Florida Statues, related to lighted parking lots for convenience businesses, and (c) provisions of Florida law, if any, establishing minimum lighting standards in conflict with this subsection on site lighting. SECTION 3. Severability. If any section, subsection, sentence, clause, phrase or portion of this Ordinance is for any reason held invalid or unconstitutional by any court of competent jurisdiction, such portion shall be deemed a separate, distinct and independent provision and such holding shall not affect the validity of the remaining portion hereto. Q • DRAT SECTION 4. Effective Date. This Ordinance shall become effective immediately upon passage and adoption. PASSED AND ADOPTED this day of , . APPROVED: ATTEST: CITY OF OCOEE, FLORIDA Jean Grafton, City Clerk ` S. Scott Vandergrift,Mayor (SEAL) ADVERTISED READ FIRST TIME READ SECOND TIME AND ADOYI'ED UNDER AGENDA ITEM NO. FOR USE AND RELIANCE ONLY BY THE CITY OF OCOEE, FLORIDA. APPROVED AS TO FORM AND LEGALITY this day of , . FOLEY & LARDNER By: City Attorney O:\CALEXANDER\ALL DATA\CAPDFILE\FORMS\200cFORMS\forms00003a.doc t - � B IT ET ORDINANCE NO. - AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF OCOEE, FLORIDA RELATING TO LANDSCAPE DESIGN STANDARDS FOR SITE LIGHTING; AMENDING THE PROVISIONS OF THE OCOEE LAND DEVELOPMENT CODE, CHAPTER 180 OF THE CODE OF ORDINANCES OF THE CITY OF OCOEE, FLORIDA BY REVISING SECTION 6-14(C)(2)(i) OF ARTICLE VI (AS ADOPTED BY ORDINANCE NO. 99-23) RELATING TO SITE LIGHTING; PROVIDING FOR SEVERABILITY;PROVIDING AN EFFECTIVE DATE. WHEREAS, the City Commission of the City of Ocoee desires to minimize glare, light pollution and light trespass and improve the overall quality of site lighting within professional office, service, commercial, and industrial zoning districts and within all property approved for professional office, service, commercial, and industrial uses within Planned Unit Development zoning districts; and WHEREAS, the City Commission desires to revise the Landscape Design Standards relating to site lighting to effectuate these changes. NOW, THEREFORE,BE IT ENACTED BY THE CITY COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF OCOEE,FLORIDA,AS FOLLOWS: SECTION 1. Authority. The City Commission of the City of Ocoee has the authority to adopt this Ordinance pursuant to Article VIII of the Constitution of the State of Florida and Chapter 166, Florida Statutes. 1,1 triTt!DI ; f ' SECTION 2. Section 6-14(c)(2)(i) of Article VI of Chapter 180 of the Code of Ordinances is hereby amended to read as follows: 2. Landscape Design Standards i. Site Lighting (i) Lighting poles and fixtures shall be decorative in nature, metal, painted black, and not exceed 30 feet in height. They shall be equipped in a manner to promote quality versus quantity of lighting, to screen out horizontal glare, and to eliminate spillover onto adjacent tracts. (see Figure 12). Site lighting shall not exceed 1.00 foot candle in intensity at any property boundary adjoining a residential use. (ii) Decorative lighting shall be provided along walkway connections and within pedestrian areas w}iere parking lot lighting is inadequate to provide sufficient illumination. Lighting poles and fixtures shall be metal, painted black to match parking lot fixtures, not exceed 12 feet in height, and be equipped with shielded or full-cutoff luminaires incorporating flush-mounted lenses. (see Figure 12) Decorative low light walkway bollards may also be permitted where appropriate. (iii) Site lighting shall not incorporate spot or flood-light fixtures mounted on building walls, roofs, or poles. (iv) Lighting of on-site buildings shall be limited to shielded wall-washer type fixtures or down lights which do not produce spillover lighting or night-sky pollution. (v) Lighting at building entrances may exceed allowable standards of intensity for safety purposes upon demonstration to the City that compliance with this subsection will create a public safety hazard and that special and unique conditions exist requiring additional lighting at building entrances; provided, however, that such lights shall be directed downward to minimize spillover lighting and glare. (vi) Lighting fixtures located under porte-cocheres, service station canopies or similar structures shall be totally enclosed within the structure and utilize flush- mounted or recessed lenses to direct lighting downward to prevent any visible glare to surrounding properties, adjoining roadways--, parking areas or walkways. (vii) All site lighting shall be designed to minimize glare, light pollution and light trespass while promoting high visual acuity in accordance with DRAFT recommended practices as contained in Publication RP-33-99 of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. All lighting fixtures shall be equipped with shielded or full-cutoff luminaires incorporating flush-mounted lenses. (viii) All site lighting within parking, pedestrian, landscape, service and driveway areas of the uses listed below shall not exceed the following illuminance levels recommended by the Illuminating Engineering Society of America utilizing a maximum .75 combined maintenance factor: Average Illuminance Maximum Illuminance in Foot Candles on in Foot Candles on Ground Ground Enclosed Shopping Malls 2 7 Office, Service, and Industrial Uses 2 7 Commercial Uses and Shopping Centers 2.5 7.5 Convenience Stores And Service Stations 3.5 10 Auto and Boat Dealerships 5 15 Illuminance levels shall be computed over developed portions of each site only and shall not factor in enclosed building pad areas or retention pond areas lying outside required landscape buffers. Time-averaged or other alternative methods of computing illuminance levels shall not be permitted. (ix) Lighting may exceed allowable standards of intensity to the extent necessary to comply with (a) Section 655.92, Florida Statutes, related to automated teller machine lighting, (b) Section 812.173, Florida Statues, related to lighted parking lots for convenience businesses, and (c) provisions of Florida law, if any, establishing minimum lighting standards in conflict with this subsection on site lighting. SECTION 3. Severability. If any section, subsection, sentence, clause, phrase or portion of this Ordinance is for any reason held invalid or unconstitutional by any court of competent jurisdiction, such portion shall be deemed a separate, distinct and independent provision and such holding shall not affect the validity of the remaining portion hereto. ltimFr SECTION 4. Effective Date. This Ordinance shall become effective immediately upon passage and adoption. PASSED AND ADOPTED this day of , . APPROVED: ATTEST: CITY OF OCOEE, FLORIDA Jean Grafton, City Clerk S. Scott Vandergrift,Mayor (SEAL) ADVERTISED , READ FIRST TIME READ SECOND TIME AND ADOPTED UNDER AGENDA ITEM NO. FOR USE AND RELIANCE ONLY BY THE CITY OF OCOEE, FLORIDA. APPROVED AS TO FORM AND LEGALITY this_day of , . FOLEY & LARDNER By: City Attorney O:\CALEXANDER\ALL DATA\CAPDFILE\FORMS12000 FORMS\forms00003b.doc • • IESNA RP-33-99 Lighting for Exterior Environments needs while being responsive to the need for an IESNA Recommended Practice quality exterior lighting. There are a number of other Recommended Practices (RPs) that provide design guidelines for specific outdoor lighting applications. 1.0 INTRODUCTION This document is not intended to supersede these other applicable RPs. Rather, it will link the various RPs together, augmenting them in subject areas not Lighting for the outdoor environment is different than otherwise covered. It will also aid in the establish- lighting an interior space. These differences present ment of community themes and area classifications. certain challenges not usually found in interior lighting. Outdoors, the universal standard is the daytime sun, yet night time electric lighting falls far short of daylight 2.0 VISUAL ISSUES in numerous ways: • • Electric lights cannot light the sky as the sun does, The issues surrounding outdoor lighting are complex. therefore the night time "ceiling" is always dark, Some of the technical factors that need to be consi- resulting in extreme contrasts compared with any dered when designing and evaluating an exterior light or lighted surface. lighting system include glare, luminance, visual acuity, and illuminance. • No single man-made light source is as powerful as the sun, therefore numerous, smaller, close-by 2.1 Glare sources must be used. They cah contribute to various forms of glare and thus impede "seeing" Glare can be disabling, discomforting, and/or simply the surfaces of interest. a nuisance (see Figure 1). • At low light levels the eye works differently than at Disability glare(veiling luminance) is caused by stray high light levels. Low light level receptors have light scattered within the eye, which reduces the con- highly specific requirements to detect, identify, trast of the primary image on the retina. This contrast and process the visual cues the brain needs to reduction can be thought of as a "veil" of luminance "see" and permit normal function. over the objects, thus the term veiling luminance. Glare from streetlights, pedestrian lights, floodlights, • People encounter different emotions related to and landscape lights all contribute to veiling lumi- the night environment. Viewing dramatic nance, as do extremely bright surfaces. scenery, sporting events, outdoor entertainment, and even feelings about personal security all Discomfort glare does not necessarily reduce the have a personal impact that is largely controlled ability to see an object (as is the case with disability by lighting quality. glare), but it produces a sensation of discomfort. It is caused by high contrast or a non-uniform distribution • Since the night scene provides minimal light of luminance in the field of view. Discomfort glare boundaries, outdoor lighting can be "seen" at can be reduced by decreasing the luminance of great distances. Night time visual clutter can be the light source, or by increasing the background disturbing. luminance around the source. • Night time tasks, such as playing sports or driving Nuisance or annoyance glare has not been quanti automobiles, have very specific lighting require- fied, though research is ongoing. For now it may be ments so people can perform these tasks safely defined as glare that causes complaints, such as the and precisely. "light shining in my window" phenomenon. • There is an expectation(or need)to control the light 2.2 Luminance added to the outdoor environment. Some people want the dark for sleeping, star gazing, or privacy. Applied to outdoor lighting, luminance relates to the When this need for darkness conflicts with other quantity of light reflected or emitted toward an people's need for light,the control of light becomes observer. Luminance is what an observer sees, critical, resulting in ordinances and bylaws. whether it is the light reflected from a wall (surface luminance)or the light coming directly from a luminaire This Recommended Practice will provide guidance (luminaire luminance).Surface luminance and luminaire in dealing with the preceding design considerations, door environment. luminance both affect an observer's reaction to the out- allowing electric lighting systems to solve multiple i IESNA RP-33-99 -,ialbi r - I • 7 .Cf. C •4f . - - ` Al sr .A � dr ?1. t. z� a '.s�z srrr A�t,'�y���Y'�5- •�'*l �,,,� F� • ( • q • �, s i.-." -rId ,>r .-72,4-14 a rf�.s r r N.FPS F '� - �c' ��:r??fts� x:, ass 'r '-�` a '"• czxz s�,' Figure 1. Wet roadway 'Iftx �1 ,om�i§ ' ,,,, _. � "" " ,#fib" •. surfaces, reflecting light from "y, �„4, r „1�" Y ` a J streetlights and oncoming •... �{ •1. 'N `F i, 1 .s• r {t! ,t 'A'.. t a " . traffic, will produce glare that /} -i' R y� ;_$ E,z g can make night time driving fir. .' � , z �� r _ T ._ �'r difficult and possibly _, q '' d tti.f 'b,1�rf� ,, t "' treacherous. (Courtesy of 3 .,,py " t,A 4 , i `-" ii ' !_ Rom` ; r the International Dark Sky is 0' yv.s ,gs�fir''f aE. ,.'ai rN"4 rK`-,``" s ! }f 1 .i. ,� 440 t � a , , � r,xa ,s_ Association) 4.t :..4� ise sz,.a '. y t 1 _- .4.., reh v„ S+*rr�-et,,,,,,, x 1 � rti $.e 'F f'`�{�y_�,� �� t icy h f- Cb' ?�Yf 'y 4 ba.. �{I S 't• S i 1. f - r S , { 7" -t ' je a, 4��3� 4, €ia:.,.. I 53 . , 9•. } ' � Xi��yy'�.y 3'q-4Rlr t.. �*J �y,F4:. '� tesraiyp��w>w3.�unswvrc f . � .„ `_.� SM.A�� iK Cf RAIL_ "� }`A�€,}Y'&. i y au�.-x. 1 � '. VY i+�ry ,i�'�`��.C'Ak•4��H�;'1���L. 3S I,.�.1. _ l Lighted outdoor horizontal surfaces such as road- perceived by the cones. This vision is general- ways, bike paths, sidewalks, and parking lots exhibit ly associated with adaptation to a luminance >3 . horizontal surface luminance. Lighted outdoor vertical ed/m2 (>_ 0.3 cd/ft.2). surfaces such as people's faces and bodies, building facades, structures, statues, and landscape features Scotopic Vision is the human eye's response at such as trees exhibit vertical surface luminance. very low light levels such as moonlight. At these Surface luminance of all types adds interest and levels, the rods account for the majority of vision. depth to outdoor scenes and is necessary for good Stimuli from the rods are also responsible for visibility and security (see Figure 2). The proper peripheral vision, with everything appearing in lighting of surfaces is the foundation of a good quality black, white, and gray. This vision is generally lighting design, associated with adaptation to a luminance <_ 0.001 cd/m2 (<_0.0001 cd/ft.2). Luminaire luminance is derived from the light-emitting portion of the luminaire's lamp, reflector, refractor, and/or louver. In order to minimize glare and provide a pleasant environment, luminaire luminance in the • . . • - normal field of view should be avoided. It is important - - . to see the effect of lighting and to minimize the appea- . ` rance of the source. Refer to Section 3.5 for a further -x # .• ' ,-F x s'_ • discussion of luminaire luminance and how people i , - ti {f w• f $� , _ subjectively respond to luminance. This subjective , ,., 1= � • g `11„ rt Cy? a j lit "'^v.' _ •• , • response is termed "brightness." t .; - - °a I( j .w �, k.t 2.3 Visual Acuity �f1 4.F-. ,S', `�5 r�Ja • . . �Y^j 11...✓ 5:- .f}'11''' 'Y ''*x 'V-.. mot . .F,�i�sYR.s-°"ids,, • 3 7. rl,r s: a, In exterior environments, the human eye's processes o-4�r < - - ,�,, x of visual adaptation and recognition operate in :: "` • `_, JF .• • s41� three categories of vision: Photopic, Scotopic, and • sr ' '� "�' Mesopic. These vision categories are defined with , ; ,, = Y•,` : �: reference to the adaptive state of the rod and cone .r" " '1 p `,-fix fr .` •;f --a-. i,{'• '� { photoreceptors. ••y`s ,t hkt a �' m A sa F,,. .1•J • r o:x ii •1ti.. ` mot ,: i *p Photopic Vision is the human eye's response at ��� : a� high light levels whereby the cones account for : the majority of vision. The cones are also - responsible for fovea) vision, the central area Figure 2.The lighting design for this church in where the eye focuses on objects. Color is also Cleveland, OH uses varied surface brightness to add interest and depth. (Courtesy of GE Lighting) IESNA RP-33-99 yt i '. ,. -; WI'' ,', x i Y , - sources on brightness perception should not be con- .4,,,, b: , ` j ,, fused with color rendering tasks or with color naming. * .*k 1 ,���.A b ,A When selecting exterior environment light sources, the 4 ('r , 4.pw-V_ �gyp �; q .. �� light source chosen must be appropriate to the applica- I r , �c y"�- r-a, tion. HPS is a more efficacious source than metal halide r 4 ri4 ' l;?� ii.'; ~t r� r" 4,pc. • O•,,.-5 for on-axis fovea) tasks (where acuity is important) and �� 4 i`�Y "� 12 for luminances of approximately 1.0 cd/m2(0.09 cd/ft.2) " ,, A, #* f % r `` ,-`' ��: or more. However, objects seen under metal halide or , ;,1� #-`, jam. ' y f ?y. a ii., ,k white light sources will appear slightly "clearer" than � , „Fqt. ,£ ..,f ?�rr > under HPS for the same luminance.' White light .� •. A- ' �; r_„, �, ,,.-'. N, sources are also better for color identification. Metal �, , ' _ ,,. halide or other white light sources should be considered :f . -' - whenever off-axis vision is required, especially at ` '' ai air )1 - luminance levels of 0.3 cd/m2(0.03 cd/ft.2)or less.2 aiiiiiit s• f , �'. , .'' t. asp ,: i7...1. -', r. 2.4 Illuminance # i 1.ems.. A. t Illuminance is a measure of incident light (in lux or 1 m .{` 4 r k footcandles); technically described as flux density �, r � ,,� „�� �.� , : per unit area. Refer to Section 5.2 for a discussion on 1 4164,,;, � M„„4 +r�^ J , 7' how illuminance plays a role in determining light ` �;��'i.9,.YE. /,h c „^"� , � .,.,, ,`„--} trespass potential. av�}G 3Ye r,ji f! c i 3 4 i.-.. .`fdz`s1;qx-ta'F' '.S C�'A ;'2''A Y a 1r t„,;y"'�ti4„�fa dj - e 'ay:k 4 4*2 ^''.. 4 ��+ , i ,��"'�;k"����?����`� _ � -�+ P�. �'� 3.0 COMMUNITY RESPONSIVE DESIGN 4 i a.! .. Ste.v+*4x��•gt,*., 4 i tt Y 'yS1 4 '3- A{SAC •,S 5: 1: 360 V-zi T +Mjr 44 �+�-�'`✓ Traditionally, street lighting has been the basic Figure 3.The height and location of poles contributes component of public lighting. In urban settings, it is to the hierarchy of exterior lighting equipment along the street lighting, along with traffic signals and signs, this street in Kansas City, MO. (Courtesy of Kansas that organizes and defines the visual environment at City Power& Light. Photographer: Rick McKibben) night. The quality of this visual information is critical for both traffic safety and for a pedestrian's sense of Mesopic Vision (combination of Scotopic and security. (Note: Lighting for safety involves ensuring Photopic Vision)occurs under the majority of exterior proper level of illumination to provide safe working night lighting conditions. Both the rods and the conditions, safe passage, and the identification of cones contribute to the visual response. This vision any hazards indoors or outdoors. Lighting for security is generally associated with adaptation to a lumi- is exterior lighting installed solely to enhance the security nance between 3 and 0.001 cd/m2 (0.3 and 0.0001 . of people and property.3) cd/ft.2). Exterior lighting design should take into account the prevalence of mesopic conditions.When A quality public lighting system helps define a clarity, depth-of-field, and peripheral detection are positive urban character and image. This system important,then a light source rich in short wavelength may include lighting for streets, roadways, (blue and green) light should be used. Current sidewalks, pedestrian malls, pathways, bikeways, research' indicates that less light is required with a parks, monuments, buildings, structures, statues, light source rich in green and blue components fountains,and landscapes. A hierarchy of public lighting (metal halide, fluorescent), relative to a light source connotes the relative importance and character of with few green and blue components, for an equiva- city-scapes and enhances their information-giving lent peripheral mesopic response. value. The height and location of poles, and the size and shape of equipment all contribute to the lighting Sources of different spectral composition that affect hierarchy (see Figure 3). Source color is usually the eye equally at 3 cd/m2 (0.03 cd/ft.2) and above important too. may not affect the eye equally when those same sources are used at lower adaptation levels. This Special features and amenities of urban environ- includes color matching, off-axis reaction time, and ments should be lighted to reveal their importance. brightness perception. The spectral sensitivity of the eye and the effects of the spectral composition of light *From"Vision at Low Light Levels"Symposium May 19,1998 through May 21, 1998,EPRI LROTTAC May 22, 1998. IESNA RP-33-99 Tf Yell },y �� Y Or >.ti�yv '' s•• .,Ei.. L .W°�t w i i �.Il, '��S „t� • t I 'w•' '1xa '• 1 2 t t ppVVll ,, ti "� +.�. rt:. „/M:�lt-a-S'• ,�,�,,�r�.e 1 l..'f�" - -"� r ..r,y -v 31,--'�•`..,3-;~ }„'' • i. -t• ''h'4,. `,:a,� . Z ! y:. } � { Kl h "`"^x -".q,'� "• �.`A .. •.-e r��ry.r . ' f •+._ i q ...-. S* . � s;? a ti r iz• Zw Yy ;v ,1 ��� a • � � .-` 1 i k S,-P YS� �✓. � ti .i r ��i f-" v n 1 . :?. ':c.ii 441-Rlf S� ,1 i,i 7 tiki e •. f `IzorA K1.1*vf hr41 }pc . } -,• F5 t A1� . • i 5 Al • .a I N , 1 j rt t”' . tii '` I., , 11i .Y , :; — E. .t�f.eTa D�T'`+ 1 v- i7' Y ao a - d _ L • ,I 5, C Tu ; ' qtr.:- iayt ; . aly ' 7. rilk lY a`lde+r y,te` `is IL 4, I ?sw . L, a ( e f 'ce .`arF -n vl E yrN me rl.a' ° r, ,gym +R � ie A M txlt,.. I 11� ' MA •'• F511m1r7rr . 1. '�.KVf - 75. vzw..,: �' ..44;.A" � i t t A _ f L � r4k -aro 5--p* . i Ji-aI ' .' iwuwl"a.a-Y ,- 1 ; .. i k • .. •. 5m ,r ;^ r1 ,.. t fnrs'. r--714.0, a s :ggY .. yJ^`�se} rs7r- • : ;A + %.w,i c ^r .P4r4$rWr F1P,grAS ,4 •a � l ' a sI s;" 'i 'W ar•l.Rti•=, _ - .. .r �, ZI% h n rri e' `' e jh Figure 4. Outdoor lighting should be uncluttered and well-integrated as demonstrated in this streetscape both during the day (left) and at night(right). (Courtesy of Michael Mutmansky) Here,the use of buildings and monuments as markers The following hierarchy of goals has been chosen for or reference points is important for clarity and visual discussion in this Practice: orientation. Urban landscape elements are also a great municipal asset. These features,when properly • Safety- pedestrian illuminated, may act as visual anchors or serve as • Safety-vehicular "points of arrival" for neighborhood residents. • Security Consistency and coordination applied to lighting • Crime prevention special features will strengthen a public lighting • Public vs. private lighting partnerships design and can improve the sense of community. • Light pollution sensitivity • Light trespass issues The streetscape or pedestrian spaces should appear • Equipment location consistent with the community theme, be permanent, • Economics and well integrated. The visual image is just as impor- • Color recognition tant during the night as during the day(see Figure 4). 3.2 Determine a Community Theme Quality outdoor lighting should communicate visual order, orientation, and urban character. Even the Common themes in architecture and lighting placement of equipment should help determine equipment can help communities or special dis- much of the environment's visual character after tricts establish unique identities. The community dark. The following eight steps (Sections 3.1 to 3.8) theme can also help . establish methods of comprise an effective community response design approach for meeting the lighting needs of the process for implementing a public lighting system. community based on the levels of both vehicular and pedestrian activity. The types of equipment 3.1 Determine Community Lighting Goals selected can reinforce the sense of activity and excitement in an entertainment and shopping dis- The prioritization of community goals will help define trict, maintain the character of an historic neigh- the requirements of the outdoor lighting system. borhood, or simply provide quality lighting in a Commercial, residential, and transition areas are residential development with a minimum of visual some examples where goals need to be established. clutter. Scale, detailing, light source color, and If security and crime prevention are major issues,then the apparent brightness of light sources are some luminance ratios between adjacent areas should be of the lighting system components that help bring minimal (e.g., less than 10:1) and the light sources, a consistent overall character and balance to a selected should have light contribution in the blue and community (see Figure 5). green range (e.g., metal halide, fluorescent). . IESNA RP-33-99 r• 11 1 .� r ., x w 0. ,79, +>, , _ ` r�. 6 — � ; ,, and parking areas,and lighting on nearby architecture. mo s•< �i j I �, ti`P .��,r � � � �� �a� �< - With careful coordination of such issues as decorative • rE Ni 1 ,, 4�, r� y detailing, light source color(s), and luminaire bright- - \.t \ 'bid ,+5'S � .T1. f ,,)'1 ti I { t � ��p�li y ki nesses, these disparate elements can combine to I , LjF 4provide a visual identity for the area. 1 ,y6^ r f.;iN" '," _� Y'� In developing lighting guidelines and to establish and Vzcy,4 I ' promote a community theme, the following list men- .,_cc�'�d A L -‘11 *`° tions just some of the issues that should considered: SULLIVAN r a �;"�`���' f 6�I E.5�•r h�'t �'! rr a � S.t IF. r S, : � • i� 1 1,t I i Establishing roadway classifications for activity �t �` n , x levels based on the definitions provided in �.y 6 0. �j�? ,,4 ,fl i li 1k r . ..;z,�. RP-8 American National Standard Practice for �I 111-i 1. p'"� °y'�e g„ • I�`a 1 Roadway Lighting (commercial, intermediate, ',s x ! i ;7ii 1 �+„;.,,5 i s 4 Oc t fi1 1 , , * ,r f. ,F and residential) r tin r ,u1T � ', • Establish maximum and minimum lighting levels for parking areas within the community or district ., • a .� • (see RP-20-98 Lighting for Parking Facilities) r " � "' • Reviewingadjacent areas for possiblyconflictinguses . , 1 ?= • Reviewing community concerns on light trespass 3•' --...me�—� and pollution a_ x r X6'` k 4 • Reviewing local lighting ordinances and bylaws Figure 5. Pole-mounted "Lantern-style" luminaires . • Reviewing the scale and detailing of possible help create a turn-of-the-century theme for this street, lighting equipment for its daytime and night time appearance which is home to numerous upscale businesses and retail stores. (Courtesy of OSRAM SYLVANIA) • Reviewing light sources that will (or will not) be acceptable For example, a rural mountain community may wish 3.3 Develop a "Family" of Luminaires to limit the height, visibility, and brightness of lighting equipment to minimize light pollution and light tres- The luminaire families should include products that pass. This will help maintain a sense of quiet solitude illustrate thematic styles,with equipment colors and pole in the wilderness where few cars and pedestrians heights as applicable for roadways, parking lots, and can be expected. In contrast, the high volume of pedestrian areas(see Figure 6). The main issues are: traffic and pedestrians in a retail entertainment district require higher light levels and brightnesses • Luminaire styles(contemporary, historic,transitional, for both safety and security. To meet this higher lighting or some combination) criteria, several different types of lighting equipment • Hierarchy of luminaires (major roadway, minor can be used: human-scale poles with "visible" light roadway, parking areas, pedestrian) sources for pedestrian zones,taller poles for roadways Figure 6. A typical family of luminaires exemplifying various pole heights and luminaire configurations. (Courtesy of Clanton and Associates, Inc.) R IESNA RP-33-99 safety consequences of a motorist blinded by a flood- ( light, the aggravation when a parking lot luminaire shines in a bedroom window, or the lost ambience , (A) TYPE I when an overlighted service station or fast-food establishment opens in a small community with minimal (or no) street lighting. JL Any consideration of safety, visibility, annoyance, Jf 1 and community appropriateness in exterior lighting --o-- designs suggests that establishing luminance ratio r (C) TYPE II -4-WAY criteria for the site being lighted will be important to all potentially affected neighborhoods. These ratios should set the maximum permissible lumi- (B) TYPE I- 4-WAY nance levels between the site being illuminated and neighboring sites having a potential direct Eq �� view. As a general rule, surface luminance ratios should never exceed 20:1, but flexibility should be (E) TYPE III permitted whenever local rules about light trespass are established. A municipality may opt for lower (0) TYPE II or higher luminance ratios depending upon the community theme. A rural settlement may demand lower ratios to preserve lower lighting levels overall, while an urban area may decide that higher ratios AIM 4 PX (F) TYPE s are needed to provide flexibility in facade and IQ 4 advertising lighting. 3.5 Determine How Luminaire (c) TYPE Y Luminances Affect Perceptions Figure 7. The light distribution patterns (typical of the Environment iso-illuminance traces)for seven different luminaire configurations used to provide coverage for roadways The luminance of luminaires is an important conside (Type Ill), parking lots(Type Ill and V), and pedestrian ration in determining the overall quality of a lighting areas (Type II, Ill, and V). installation. All luminaires provide some level of lumi- nance. It is when this luminance becomes excessive • Appropriate size of luminaire and pole (according that problems can arise. Excessive luminaire lumi to the application) nance can be distracting, uncomfortable, or even disabling. • Appropriate light distribution per application(Type II and Ill for roadways,Type III and Type V for parking Often, the terms "brightness" and 'luminance" are lots, Type II, Ill, and V for pedestrian areas). See used interchangeably,thus leading to confusion. The Figure 7 for luminaire distribution types. Classi- IESNA Lighting Handbook3 describes brightness as fications are in accordance with ANSI/IES RP-8-834 the subjective sensation to measured luminances. • Lamp selection(wattage and type)per application Due to the subjective nature of a lighting scene, one • Source color person may feel a particular luminaire is bright while • Appropriate luminance another person may not. Brightness is affected by • Light shielding appropriate to light trespass and the environment in which the luminaire resides. As light pollution goals the background luminance of a scene gets higher, the apparent brightness of a luminaire becomes 3.4 Consider How Luminance Ratios lower. Viewing car headlights during the daytime is a Impact Visibility good example of a situation involving high luminance but low brightness. High luminances projected directly from luminaires, Any type of luminaire, whether it is full cutoff, cutoff, and excessive luminance differences between sur semi-cutoff, or non-cutoff, can yield excessive bright- faces or areas within the field of view may reduce the ness. Factors such as the luminaire optics (size of ability to see a task. Such high luminances may also the luminous area/opening and the concentration create a safety hazard, cause annoyance, or disrupt and angle of a luminaire's beam), the mounting the theme of an area or community. Consider the height of the luminaire, and the luminances of the • IESNA RP-33-99 • • The interaction of all the variables just discussed - - leads to the final perception of brightness. Because • ; ,' of its subjective nature, brightness is difficult (if not w f` - , , impossible) to measure. However, luminaire lumi- • : ;• nance and luminous intensity are two photometric .. } quantities correlated with brightness that can be , T fit_ 'N:4% 'u} •• used to specify luminaires. By considering one (or ;' • -', `�`�_ , ,,, both) of these quantities, a designer can specify a • - high-quality lighting installation without excessive brightness. =• _ When comparing average luminance and lumi- � F , nous intensity, average luminance would be in closer correlation with brightness and would be A � � � -' the preferred metric. The average luminance is ' w • based on the candelas at a certain viewing angle '•,,-• divided by the projected area of the luminaire. • • i Ideally, it is the average luminance of the entire F 4' `5 s'z' luminous opening or luminous view of the luminaire. Figure 8.The luminaires in this scene are too bright The benefit of this method is that it uses currently for the background luminance. measured photometric quantities and a standard calculation procedure. One disadvantage of this surrounding scene will all have an effect on how method is that it assumes the luminance of the bright a luminaire will appear. luminous area to be uniform. A less desirable but convenient way of limiting bright- The design of a luminaire will have an effect on its ness involves limiting luminous intensity. (Maximum luminance. The higher its luminance, the greater the luminous intensity is somewhat related to brightness.) potential for excessive brightness. Poorly-designed, This metric's strength is that maximum luminous high angle cutoff luminaires can yield excessive lumi- nances, while well-designed, non-cutoff luminaires intensity (of a luminaire) can be found in any photo- can be comfortable to view. However (assuming metric report. The problem with maximum luminous equivalent lumen packages), as designers move intensity data is that it does not consider the size of from specifying full cutoff to cutoff to semi-cutoff to the luminous area,which is directly related to luminaire non-cutoff luminaires, increasing attention should be brightness. However, higher luminous intensities paid to the luminaire's luminance and potential for generally mean higher brightness. excessive brightness. Care should be given to limit Although there is no metric for predicting excessive upward light transmission to minimize light pollution. brightness during the lighting design phase, careful Ideally, a mock-up of the scene or direct examination examination of average luminance, luminous of an already-installed site will yield valuable informa- intensity, mounting height, background luminance, tion about the brightness of a specific luminaire. beam angle, and luminaire design can help in creating outdoor luminous environments that The typical viewing angle of the luminaire plays a role deliver good quality light without excessive bright- in the perceived brightness of the scene. Designers ness. Refer to Section 5.2 for additional informa- should guard against using high angle, high lumi- tion on determining what constitutes excessive nance pedestrian-scale at low mounting heights. . brightness. Bollards, which are within the direct field of view, should have low luminances especially above 90°. 3.6 Provide Design Guidelines Generally, as luminaire mounting height gets lower, luminaires with less luminance must be used. Design guidelines establish the design steps for As the scene's background luminance changes from public lighting and private lighting (residential and light surroundings(urban scenes),to darker surroundings commercial)for communities and developers. These (suburban scenes), to the darkest surroundings (rural guidelines should explain Community Themes and luminaire luminance should be closelyGoals, including a Family of Luminaires or related scenes), families for different districts. Design efforts to minimize examined, with luminaire selection made only after Glare and establish Brightness Criteria should be seriously considering the background luminance of integrated into these guidelines. the scene (see Figure 8). It6NA H -id-y9 a •" - a S j w tk .rr I •r y I°a- 4"�i '� ?, .� 4r• 'jar, s6 �.s J .avL a5so •.� ar_' '{aa e*i,} s rkL'v 'W. rat 4 "r xr�3� i -��''+ w. i= -5.7pf•'t" {,*� r'^t `I d.3c,e+qi� ,�r,�s i• ry y -r✓`1,s a ea�fi .rt' '"yF F JY?�4 Figure 9. Extreme glare 4, • _ ,!. ;} _.. T: will causes a loss of visibility because under these "$%' _eelk/ r conditions a person cannot ;' `Rxk '"r`1G discern important detail. k" �"�� �. (Courtesy of the International Dark Sky Association) yrirrim S ,+ 4 u( �•v try . 4. 6tM ��".�•,�.:�.z�,•r .�• _,_...t -_ µ... ".. ... . .. , �t a+F1' 3.7 Educate Developers of strated that too much light, or poorly-directed light, Lighting Ordinances causes a loss of visibility. For example, if a light is too bright, it prevents a person from discerning important Consideration might be given to developing a lighting detail because of the "high brightness contrast" or ordinance (or bylaw) in areas where light trespass or glare which causes a silhouette effect(see Figure 9). light pollution issues have arisen in the past and/or where neighboring residential and commercial A better approach is to light vertical surround surfaces developments are expected to show significant growth. (trees, building facades, or other area features)so that See Section 6.0 on lighting ordinances for more detail. these surfaces can reflect light onto people (see Figure 10). Direct vertical light on faces should be comfortable,with minimal glare. When faces are lighted, 4.0 SECURITY LIGHTING detection, and more importantly identification, happens quickly and easily, even at great distances. Providing a sense of safety and security are critical Successful exterior lighting designs develop layers of issues that relate to exterior lighting. Safety can be light. Layered lighting involves providing a minimal defined as freedom from danger. This is quite different amount of ambient lighting with accents or highlights from security,which is defined as freedom from worry on a few key features. This approach begins with street Thus security can be thought of as the subjective and pedestrian lighting (see Figure 11). In addition to perception of one's personal safety level. By meeting lighting the street, security is increased by providing well-defined criteria(IESNA RP-8), street lighting can adequate vertical light at crosswalks and intersections. usually provide a sense of safety and minimize traffic This lighting gives motorists and pedestrians the nece- conflicts. However, because the security of people ssary information for detection and identification, and property involves psychology and perception, satisfying safety-related issues. The lighting of side- it is a much more difficult criterion for any exterior walks,trees, and building facades can then be used to lighting system to satisfy. (See also the note in the provide a soft visual backdrop, increasing security. first paragraph of Section 3.0.) For pedestrian parks, pathways may be lighted conti- The quantity or amount of light has been typically nuously. This method is recommended for heavily used related directly to safety. However, it is the quality of the paths shared by joggers, bikers, strollers, and those on light, not excessive quantity, which is more closely roller blades. Another option is to only light"hazards"like associated with perceptions of a safe and secure area. stairs, bridges, and obstacles (see Figure 12). Comfortable, well-defined exterior environments with However, lighting the landscape, structures, and desti- clear "zones of recognition" where people's faces can nation spots adds interest and helps pedestrians gauge be distinguished are often perceived as"secure." distances.This lighting will define the space and depth of the environment and help minimize dark areas and Too often, people associate more light or brighter shadows (see Figure 13). At mesopic levels, sources light with "safer" surrounds. It can be easily demon- with blue and green light can increase peripheral vision, shortening a person's detection and reaction time. 8 • - IESNA RP-33-99 ,...4 .. : ` tions when.the street light appears very bright and everything else appears dark because the pedes- Rr ', ,_„f‘' .; • trian's eyes have adapted to the single bright source. vAT,ri.r: ' r F� Under these conditions, could an approaching • • , �..,,, stranger be easily seen or would he/she only appear • >,"P' - •.- ."�; ..:.,..ter. in silhouette? If little light falls on a face, the decision j �•; y" j: % `--•gli". to avoid or evade is compromised. - '{ 'T ', :, • ' hfe ,� Providing well-defined, appropriately lighted areas in i, c..Y --- -. . ,�' h am,, the night environment is a key factor when addressing = f ¢r • . security related issues. Properly lighted spaces can �v t4 N •; ;, '.- �rT":; ��4 ��: give the pedestrian adequate reaction time to avoid 4, • -- =P , ''' , '` „• el .t`:;•' (or escape from) potential threats. In extreme situa- �r2:ti "'' .;,. , , •Vz: ' i� a1.:' tions, quality lighting can help the pedestrian identify "'•I r, f• ;,1 .. • •. "- a safe refuge. aL-Q - 1 ,, ztoit. ,rJ'., '•4,t� -Niar�' ti' 5.0 DEALING WITH STRAY LIGHT ty} •"wy As a result of efforts to increase the night time use of i. «. M facilities, light pollution and light trespass have '�a7% £ram;` , r=:�<<�' 'r• :� '* �; become extremely important considerations when- ,, "�v... ; r c�th cf - .p: Y ever a new outdoor lighting design is being -t . ' (1 t .7 9 9 g Prepared. ;,J ,� `, k ,'n 5.1 Light Pollution .�hilr- iK• F.,.....,.?....- Figure 10. Good surface lighting as provided for the Dust, water vapor, and other particles will reflect Turner Home, Corpus Christi, TX is achieved with and scatter any stray or reflected light that is emitted low wattage lamps. (Courtesy of GE Lighting) into the atmosphere. The result is the sky glow found over all urban areas, sometimes called atmospheric or astronomical light pollution (see A typical situation involves someone walking down a Figure 14). Ground reflected light can account for street where there is only one street light at the corner. up to 20 percent of this sky glow. Although this sky Does this person feel more secure when close to the glow is not injurious, it does deprive urban street light or when further away? Also typical is residents of the opportunity to stargaze and can when the street is lighted and the adjacent sidewalks hamper astronomers'attempts to view the night sky are dark. How secure does a pedestrian feel walking through telescopes. down such a sidewalk? Then there are other situa- so' gc h - C t: At 7, e ' r . • 5 It, K--- '4� ,,1 ,f _ is 'l Figure 11. Layered lighting ` _ - t, ° ' F applied to a walkway adds ,' t s . � : interest, minimizes shadows, •• a and helps pedestrians i : r � � _ ♦It t s t , • • E gauge distances. (Courtesy r,Y , , j ti , § TvWr G 41s of GE Lighting) '...�!y i-'.:.i t2i:.a`,:s..t- lt Y:R R f W tiy�Y riff■ `f •y 1' F .. pl ,+,r�?i ;77 e s. i r i y 0.-; F y L z t �`n c t,- i r: tl ,l tom. I t �r x:f , ti l._ lL e ,- ZP 1,:4 -a � t x x V i tY y .Y,t a, h'F*L q}i+ as t. a 1 i f • r4„+.. FJzf.,:'�r.c„--` • r'.cr r PA.-,- `. .. t.,. " n - IESNA RP-33-99 • ' -- q iY5 rk r t i 3 :: % .- .. : ' s'' J -- s :. : Figure 12. Effective hazard lighting ,' : on stairs. This lighting is uni-direc- ,,:-,:5::::-. _ 4 tional, emphasizing shadows on + y K �. '.,3 :; stair treads. (Courtesy of David Keith) 3 ' ,$ 3 F. } . ,:.-V ,-e ors i• ''��y. s." ., F. % s 7- .4^r4 S" y.,r `.,�`t+ 7 ,r]"�(jFti-' 'r-�„r> ' t I • '* '; s,?, s ,K., Sirr t Fv b xti r A, € ` '" . Light pollution is of special concern in areas near astro- • Minimizing non-target light. Lighting systems that nomical observatories. Professional astronomers prefer project light upward, such as architectural and that nearly monochromatic light sources (such as low sign lighting, should be designed to minimize light pressure sodium) be used outdoors because any that does not illuminate the target area. unwanted light that enters their instruments can be easily filtered. However,the use of sources with limited • Turning off outdoor lighting during low" use. All spectral composition does not completely eliminate outdoor lighting, includingadvertisingsign lighting p p p y 9 9. 9 9 9 atmospheric light pollution from the telescope's view. and interior high-rise office building lighting, should be turned off after use unless needed for safety and The methods that best control light pollution are: security. Usually safety and security illuminance,with the exception of street lighting,can ber at levels much • Cutting upward emissions. Street and area-lighting lower than those needed when the area is in use. systems, including lighting for sports activities, parking lots, and vehicle sales lots, should be 5.2 Light Trespass designed to minimize or eliminate direct upward emission. This will not eliminate all light emission The topic of light trespass is somewhat subjective, above the horizontal plane, since reflected light since it often relates to unmeasurable or even unde- from the ground or pavement is an important finable light, which sometimes cannot be controlled. component of visibility. A typical example is the "light shining in my window" .{} ';+�byr�,'nfl,,,sn w f `Q. n•a xx'tA'j.�s 3.t ;-*,:,.,'Fe`-^'.fl,'r t x'" ' ,t v _ :t 1'Wl, ,cz r a (jpp '' r „ t.,a ,, v,"ll,L+.�'"i`+,: �a, .,l.l ® i . fs ,max � �, ,a:- q `� '� �„ '��.. "- :: � i � 1 s r- i- ' d t7 1-,,: F ?•a z u -e . y ----L • • .,...._•.',:e-ir_.:411,,,i:pfo- 1.74 i;,...-„:-_-,,,..,_;,---..,,,-,-_•:,.??..-,,:•;..„. .,•,•,,,::,.. _.: ..:. . ,_ ,J r rA� � .. ill 1,•'",--,"50:4-r„1,.*-A"`-P•iii.r4.11-1 .•- •,••,;_,• . — . •.,... . .. ,,... , .. Figure 13. Layered lighting along Speer Boulevard in Denver, CO during the daytime(left)and in the same location at night(right). Notice how the stair hazard is emphasized at night with silhouette outlining. (Courtesy of David Keith) 10 IESNA RP-33-99 :y ; • Inspect areas adjacent to the lighting design loca- " ' :' . ,? ?; tion to identify and consider any potential problems • : - . ' • ' ;,y.•, ,;:'�1, involving residences, roadways, and airports. .' • !.• • •�.:�'!'.:..,': .fie`?.,.:;• '`"' +'` Select luminaires withtightly.• ,.•,:; ,;? ""� ♦ controlled candela ... 4.•..�- - ;y';•''.•tt,r ,:. , ..c.;�•: distributions, using sharp-cutoff reflectors and • .4. • • .•; y 4, . refractors. .01. . .: ••*:;1'4-• .. y„'. • . "mot ' ' t . • Contain light within the design area by carefully :, • - ; " . : .i: + =1 �; , „ selecting, locating, and mounting the luminaires. '• , 4.ir• '' • Use well-shielded luminaires(or select equipment that can be shielded), if apotential problem is found Figure 14.This satellite view of the United States at 9 after installation. night illustrates the magnitude of upward direct and reflected light from urban areas. (Courtesy of the • Keep floodlight aiming angles low so that the entire International Dark Sky Association) beam always falls within the intended lighted area during (and after) the design and installation complaint. A "solution" might require eliminating a process. luminaire deemed essential for the safety and security in a nearby park or street. Another solution may be Efforts have been made in numerous jurisdictions to to shield the offending luminaire so its brightness is write ordinances or bylaws controlling light trespass. not directly visible to the complainant(see Figure 15). These ordinances have met with a range of success, The offending illuminance is called obtrusive light depending on practical enforcement. One method to (see Glossary). control light trespass is based on using specific environmental zone descriptions that then underlie Light trespass usually fits into one of two categories: any restrictions. The Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage (CIE) has developed a series of four • Adjacent property receives unwanted light (high environmental zones (El through E4) in which illuminance levels) different lighting situations can be placed: • Excessive brightness occurs in the normal field of Zone El: Areas with intrinsically dark landscapes. vision (nuisance glare) Examples are national parks, areas of outstanding natural beauty, or residential areas where inhabitants The following general suggestions will help control have expressed a strong desire that all light trespass light trespass problems: be strictly limited. (This is the most sensitive zone.) yJ.,r. s T3 -t }d� r. -. h r rY r:1�Tr�4:r " ;�, r A r u r • ,. r "" • - t %`.,t4- +` } C., '3 ,ytr �l L c ' 3 i`e f ,�•{ - + + r x y�iA i.? + ,1 L ,': V51,,,ry31 ''`s- ,', a yq 1 i i. A' mod: �4 11;;.,,1; y r Qjs! ;'r q.a �• r ;i tt40 ,�, t om( -it.r �-�WI� x —'�'' �' rr ' d-. r��l �' err.� 1. tlk J � ICtr tl RG 1+ '^ •• ' ._.''*'?, Nth' + a : f t fit , ,. . 9 .•' �` 5 ' E .1 .-m 1 1' Mari ®1349;5 �__� •P fr`p . s 1 vF,_..1 {.,t) _ .r'-v` r° ! I 1 ;..x. .* kY• r ; ,.. LY_ { �+� -: 3°<•: t. ems! l �i IL • • i.'. y! „, ', srl 111 1 4 c t �'1;tt—}� .''?-'q"zsT 't ,•'^`:tt .e.., a" ,. f r, f3. 1 1.:1 hj s, '-•"-"r'�'• r .Y t. t S• _ ..Yr rrd.,d k, ,i ` Ei 1S ,. ` � „, s S,r~�t '�.• .� la Lk*I 1 f rri' i �,S C `3 f e r, lit -; r ,1•.w.a: - lw"In; +" ?. r. J w ^+Y ,..t - '.Ii ;r r •� FLO 1 , 5 { .1 .,•.'F pS',i-„` ay 21- 4•1 •61•� KR .✓ _ - _ .'+, t .r1.1 ¢u.$ ,C"a`c i."*, 'Y•"•./../v 1-4 y,, r L i'.:;: i.4 , �, .xw, s c•<5� ,•LY r J:rxT ,. x Y �i ray -, J dftir ➢^} +s ,4..,.r1. �t , 4 , fR r ;. .r�ti z.."r�i.i�E.u'',���r.`�T'�AK-':-4g.g " I4.r}3:Mtg_ri�'i�?:�: _. _ .,_. _ »_, +. . ... s.r.1. ,.,l:w Figure 15. The wall pack lighting on these barracks (left) puts too much spill light into the barracks' windows. Alternatively, the carefully shielded luminaires on and around this private home (right) complement the architecture while holding light trespass to a minimum.(left,courtesy of Michael Mutmansky; right,courtesy of OSRAM SYLVANIA) 11 . - IESNA RP-33-99 Zone E2:Areas of low ambient brightness.These may POST-CURFEW LIMITATIONS be outer urban and rural residential areas. Roadways may be lighted to typical residential standards. Zone and Description followed by the Recommen- ded Maximum Illuminance Level (sometimes with Zone E3: Areas of medium ambient brightness. discussion) These will generally be urban residential areas. Roadways will normally be lighted to typical traffic Zone El: intrinsically dark route standards. For luminaires or systems which are not for public safety or security, the limit should be (0) zero lux Zone E4:Areas of high ambient brightness. Normally (fc). This is based on the presumption that the these are urban areas having both residential and environment of such dark areas should not be commercial use and experiencing high levels of night affected to any extent by electric light sources time activity. after curfew hours. Where safety and security are issues, night time lighting is needed. Such lighting As defined, these area categories can provide the should meet IESNA recommendations for the basis for restricting the brightness that must be tole- particular property being lighted. Lighting should rated in a specific environment. Within any category, be designed, however, to minimize light trespass. a curfew or "after hours" time may be established, It is suggested that the subject lighting should not allowing higher lighting levels during those hours exceed 1 lux (0.1 fc). when the curfew is not in effect. Zone E2: low ambient brightness Since light trespass is extremely subjective, there is This category contains the most sensitive no single set of values/limit that will work in every residential areas (generally dark neighborhoods), situation. The report Light Trespass Research5 with the exception of those areas covered by CIE's suggests that light trespass can be evaluated by El environmental zone. It is suggested that the illuminance values measured at the eye in a plane subject lighting be restricted to 1 lux(0.1 fc)or less. perpendicular to the line-of-sight when looking at the brightest source in the field of view. This report also Zone E3: medium ambient brightness stresses the subjectivity of the research and how it The suggested recommendation is that the subject may be affected by the personalities and desires of lighting be restricted to 2 lux (0.2 fc) or less. different individuals. Therefore, the following recom- mendations are only a guideline and framework for Zone E4: high ambient brightness setting reasonable levels. Local authorities should The suggested recommendation is that the subject increase (or decrease) the values given depending lighting be restricted to 6 lux (0.6 fc) or less. on the specific situation and on community desires. All these suggestions were developed on the While these recommendations serve to reduce serious assumption that the affected luminaires are conti- light trespass,their implementation is not a guarantee nually on during the applicable night time period. against objections. Where luminaires are only on for a short period,these suggestions should not be applied. The intent of The following are the suggested light trespass limi- these suggestions is to prevent obtrusive light levels tations from the report Light Trespass Research.The from being constantly within view. Therefore, the specific illuminance values given are measured at following section is intended as a rough guideline or the eye in a plane perpendicular to the line-of-sight: framework for setting levels. Local authorities should increase (or decrease) the values cited depending PRE-CURFEW LIMITATIONS on specific neighborhood situations and/or commu- nity desires. These suggestions are intended to Zone and Recommended Maximum reduce serious light trespass. Description Illuminance Level Zone El 1 lux(0.1 fc) intrinsically dark 6.0 LIGHTING ORDINANCES Zone E2 3 lux(0.3 fc) low ambient brightness Zone E3 8 lux(0.8 fc) Lighting ordinances or bylaws are a direct result of medium ambient brightness the growth in the outdoor use of electric light (see Zone E4 15 lux(1.5 fc) Figure 16), and perform several important functions. high ambient brightness They provide a formal structure by which municipal authorities can evaluate proposed and existing lighting 12 IESNA RP-33-99 'installations against a predetermined standard, and. result in mall parking lots with a sea of poles to they put the municipalities on record regarding mini- achieve the required uniformity ratio. Mandating mum acceptable standards. Such ordinances pro- street lighting everywhere might despoil the charm vide municipalities with authority to take remedial of rural residential areas while providing no benefit. action against inadequate and offensive lighting Conversely, a ban on roadway lighting in all resi- installations, thus protecting communities from dential areas would deny the important safety and unpleasant lighting surprises. Such rules may also security benefits that outdoor lighting can provide in help establish and maintain community or neigh- urban settings. Banning any light source that is not borhood architectural themes. (Note: In most U.S. cutoff or that directs its output upward into the night jurisdictions, the rules governing lighting installations sky could deny citizens the visual delights of a are called ordinances; in Canada they are called dancing fountain, a striking statue, a graceful tree, bylaws.) or an imposing historic structure. Preparation of a lighting ordinance should be under- Should a municipality decide to establish a lighting taken with considerable forethought. Its framers should ordinance the following general guidelines should know the themes of the various parts of the corn- be taken into consideration. The remaining por- munity and the community's need for safety,security, tions of this section describe basic considerations and aesthetics. They must also recognize which that should be incorporated into municipal lighting areas are expanding and which are shrinking. A one- ordinances. size-fits-everything lighting ordinance that requires all outdoor lighting to be of the same design, using the 6.1 Purpose, Intent, and Scope same luminaire types, subject to the same maximum mounting height and aiming angle requirements, and The beginning of any lighting ordinance establishes having the same illuminances, would be a gross what is covered, the intent, and exactly who is disservice to any community. directly affected. As an example: • Municipalities seldom have a single set of lighting "Outdoor lighting shall be required for safety needs that can be satisfied with a rigid list of do's and personal security in areas of public assembly and don'ts. Regardless of size, communities will and traverse for multiple family developments, typically have commercial, industrial, sports, and as well as municipal, commercial, industrial, residential uses — each with different lighting and institutional uses where there is outdoor requirements. For example, mandating one maxi- public activity during hours of darkness. Glare mum luminaire mounting height (for all uses) might and light trespass control shall be required to rr.. - a s 1 t ;�.,,: ♦ m - a .sr, Y•' F 1 + I .. ix ae. • r yi 2 • - A� ., rs- l t „ �4hCF ,',t s�i%-L' :i Tom-t}..�, _ � ¢ J-4 €'i�'-sd.r �.pi i�r�`T fl t 3 a-�,9�1'*"C t m -"tt"*`�"F..sS�- � �A r 1 r t, -`.. 'ib e ,fh h '•c!,.( t 'N'i' 'E' '1Fit � ' s k f rY d .r i,e a t ' tt i'....c �. . r er t't f..--�,�y.,r 3S1 P,�i �i i�,t,. -t. r "1 J !y '7 Ek 'l r4 �(,. .dR f 4 �xr# i.C '`4 a q` Ex`; { i m r ��X i+ *'a ,i T '' T'��;` r't : 4c ,.c c r,f e T ''a` ,, �t' .r i "� � 1�,+a r �•�7.`}•`• +�,- ,x"�;l� �� p 4.�' � �, d"o � +'y � i �r ,i 1 y F� `a'zv e Ca`�: up � ��,,fc', * r y��.t 'W a7. N p, f 0,,,,,,e,v,,,.:- ! n, '''F' L x r s +4 �1 s I ...,f �t 6 --„, iaP.�'.`.�..ct §�� Y�.��.s -P �,s Tit�h�u 3 i �. i,„p��I �Ai�Sx � .�,�..4�` f.Ls'3,+h�-��`.i� �' `#' ?-'Y��.'7 .r'� �r 1 a Y�ii/ yr .x2 t+�F3`�', • . '';%?1r :T,k P t7 r'Uto 91 yn FN ' `,.�9 ; .G`'�""rv.y'X xcs�'brA' �`4:1412 s4 Y'� NO 5a f y �tae 4f c g4-5- d'e'•' ,pN,e•-, :P . "�� r'45. r �' �,,•• ' �``�'_.,,,+ i _ m�i" `-r,.> '�3- .rya �i s.h<iG'' 'K Nr: y 1�.i fiM4 9 PIVV<`^}4 � S'P y11; VP t. , "r .m.' 3'n . 8�'PS-•1raw . � ra' n ,..,- . Y'-: t,�t a'�,r n'' act Sy"i d cn�i44.3, V �ir`W4+tt74' ti . . .A,,, -.. s t r a ga : ,1,-; 4; 11 'dad r�+.�'i it N'! .' 4- ♦t '• ' *s't i :":'"s-+..may ram' _£,i: yy' ,k. , A N- q x, .. • ." + 4 \ ". 4 art^ -rt �N'+ ZWayM1 }'. 5 aT, ..- s .. iw V� : c t,yr�� 7 ==!F :��, '-' y4+ Jf .� ir ' �C';� .'TV 44 ri " •, f , . . : ,.. C ` T ..?. .i sy d .• L. r ,-,.. -nt, ! .., ..lr' F - u.-.' ter• • Y‘'. t 4. :Ir. V"a ^rs"' T' 1.y 3 srr ..;M!c -` .. 1, .i „' ti .t .. • ate r s �. rr Y ! ♦ '�1 rp ,fi' ,r . . , ". 9i ,•.,.. •7,.,..'` . yea. •;.' Rx .. . a 1 4�F,� Figure 16. Night views of Los Angeles in 1908 (left) and today (right) illustrate that the growth in municipal, commercial, industrial, and institutional uses of electric light has also multiplied the consequences of stray light. (Courtesy of the International Dark Sky Association) . , IESNA RP-33-99 ' protect inhabitants from the consequences of nate only the task and do not shine directly onto stray light shining in inhabitants' eyes or onto neighboring properties, roadways, or distribute neighboring properties. Light pollution control excessive light skyward." shall be required to minimize the negative effect of misdirected upward light. The glare, 6.2.4 Glare Control. Annoying glare from exterior light trespass, and light pollution requirements lighting may also cause visibility problems. Since the of this ordinance shall apply to all uses, includ- - human eye adapts to the brightest object in its field ing residential, and all jurisdictions including of view, glare can prevent important details from public, private, and municipal." being seen. Glare should be controlled at all times through proper equipment selection, careful aiming, 6.2 Relevant Criteria and limits on brightness. Based on its stated purpose and scope, the lighting 6.2.5 Equipment Types. The lighting ordinance may ordinance should next set forth the applicable limit equipment distribution types and lamp illuminance, uniformity, glare control, light pollution, wattages. An example may be to only allow cutoff light trespass, maintenance, on/off cycle control, luminaires for higher wattage lamps. Floodlights may and installation criteria. only be used for sports lighting and must be fully shielded. Equipment types may be more limiting in 6.2.1 Illuminance Suggestions. Other sections of residential areas and less so in industrial areas. this Recommended Practice discuss illuminance for typical night time outdoor seeing tasks encountered 6.2.6 Lamp Recommendations. Recommended in communities such as parking lots, and pedestrian lamp types may also be included in the lighting ordi- and vehicular traffic. The !current IESNA Lighting nance. Many times ordinances prohibit certain Handbook3 and other Recommended Practices also lamps because of their energy inefficiency or color include suggestions for other specific activities such spectrum. For example, mercury vapor lamps are as sports lighting. These illuminances should be less energy efficient than fluorescent, metal halide, extracted and invoked in the lighting ordinance and and high pressure sodium lamps (see Table 1). Low should be specified as maintained levels. The list need pressure sodium lamps may be required in luminaires not be exhaustive, but should include typical community lighted all night near astronomical observatories. Low seeing tasks and invoke IESNA suggestions for all pressure sodium lamps also have applications for low other functions. level exterior security lighting in industrial areas where there is no night time activity. High pressure sodium 6.2.2 Illuminance Uniformity. For each illuminance lamps may be recommended to illuminate roadways metric there should be a corresponding maximum-to- and other outdoor areas where luminance levels are minimum uniformity ratio specified in the lighting above 0.3 cd/m2(0.03 cd/ft.2). Specific types of metal ordinance to protect against areas of insufficient or halide, compact fluorescent, or other white sources excessive illuminance. may be recommended because of superior color rendering properties, community themes,or for lighting 6.2.3 Addressing Glare, Light Pollution, and Light at low luminances. Maximum brightness and lamp Trespass. Since direct glare, light pollution and light wattage may be restricted for any luminaires that are trespass are often the most contentious aspects of not fully shielded. outdoor lighting and most often in need of municipal mediation, these are probably the most critical 6.2.7 Controls. Exterior lighting should be con- elements of a lighting ordinance. The wording trolled. Simple dusk-to-dawn controls keep such adopted should be objective — exempting no indi- lights on for the maximum time, using the most energy. vidual, use, or light source. As an example: More appropriate control alternatives include: "For area lighting such as parking lots, and road- • Automatically lowering lighting levels one hour way lighting, cutoff-type luminaires shall be used after the close of business. and shall be equipped with (or be capable of • Activating security lighting with motion sensors so being retrofitted with)devices for redirecting light that lights come on only when someone'is in the such as shields, visors, or hoods. All outdoor immediate area. lighting on private, residential, commercial, • Turning off lights with time clocks at (or before) industrial, municipal, recreational, or institutional midnight when there is no/minimal activity. property, shall be so aimed, located, designed, • Turning off display, advertising, and speciaity fitted, and maintained. Directional luminaires lights at (or before) midnight. such as floodlights, spotlights, and sign lights shall be so installed and aimed that they illumi- • Lowering light levels during all inactive periods. 14 ICJIVH nr-JJ-7y 6.2.8' Luminaire Maintenance. Poorly-maintained provide a description of the luminaires, including luminaires may not provide the suggested illumi- glare reduction/control devices, lamps, on-off nances cited by a lighting ordinance for safety and/or cycle control devices, and mounting devices. security on a continuous basis. Therefore, an Also required should be a statement of the ordinance should require that lighting installations be proposed hours when the luminaires will be on maintained such that they continually provide and when they will be extinguished. In addition, the acceptable illuminance levels and glare control. governing body may want to request submission of an impact statement demonstrating that the proper 6.3 Plan Submission steps have been taken to ensure no negative impact upon the community and its residents. The lighting ordinance should be specific about the submission of lighting plans for municipal 6.4 Compliance Monitoring review and approval. At the very least it should require a layout of proposed luminaire locations, The lighting ordinance might contain a statement including aiming angles, minimum and average saying that (as a part of the subdivision or develop- illuminances for each task, uniformity ratios, loca- ment process) the municipality will conduct a post- tion and use of adjacent properties, and an installation inspection of lighting installations to ensure isolux/isofootcandle plot or lux/footcandle grid that compliance with ordinance requirements. However, in demonstrates adequate intensities and uniformity. all likelihood, not every lighting plan will be reviewed Manufacturer's catalog cuts should be required that by the municipality. Therefore, a process must be in Table 1: General Characteristics of Commonly Used Light sources* (This table shows the wide range of parameters available for lamp products. A specific example has been chosen for each source type.) Lamp Initial Efficacy Lumen Life CRI Sources Type and color Temperature Watts Lumens (LPW) Maintenance2 (Hours) Standard Incandescent Filament,2700 K 100 1690 17 85 750 100 Tungsten Halogen,(Reflector)„2850 KnM 90 .13003 n 14 95• TungstenHalogen (Low Voltage, Reflector),3000 K-3200 K 50 9003 18 95 4000 100 Fluorescent T 5 4 ft.4;3000 K'-4100'K 28 290d5 104 95 16000 82 High Output Fluorescent T-5 4ft.4, 3000 K-4000 K 54 50005 93 95 16,000 82 FluoresoentT 8 4 ft:4,3000 K `4100 K _, . ,, 32: 2850 89 85 ,20,000 75 Slimlime Reduced Wattage 8 ft. 3000 K-5000 K 60 5900 98 80 12,000 82 High Output Reduced Watta e,8 ft: 3000 K 6700 K .,95 8000,,;. ti 84, _, �. ;75` � 2 Compact Flourescent (Long Twin), 3000 K-4100 K 39 3150 81 85 20,000 82 Compact Flourescent . • (Double), 2700 K .6500 K�` .a_�x ; t, ,.<, „ , ti26 i ..�: 1.800 _,�... 70_,'_. ,... . 85` �. .1.0,000 Mercury Vapor, 3000 K-5700 K 175 7950 45 60 24,000 15 Metal Hallde;Loq Wattage;30g0 Metal Halide, High Wattage,3000 K-4000 K 400 36,000 90 80 20,000 65 Ceramic,MetaIHallde(Clear) 3000 K'`}, , w ¢ , .1`00 , '..9300�°, , %93, _ High Pressure Sodium, Low Wattage, 1900 K7 70 6400 91 90 24,000 22 Hlgh Pressure Sodlum, ti r tf� Low Pressure Sodium, (Monochromatic), 1800 K7 90 12,750 140 90 16,000 <2 See manufacturer's catalogs for specific data. Efficacy for lamp is shown in lumens per watt. Ballasting is required for all lamps except standard incandescent and tungsten-halogen. P As defined in the IESNA Lighting Handbook for each light source. 'The important performance parameters for reflector lamps are beam spread and maximum center beam intensity(commonly called candlepower). ' Exact lamp length is 1149 mm. Lumen output measured at 35°C(95°F)ambient. Computed from manufacturer's approximate lumen output data:initial and mean(mean at 40 percent of lamp rated average life). These light sources are deficient in blue and green light,which is not reflected in their rated efficacies. Light sources with wide spectral distributions that include blue and green are more efficient in low light settings that monchromatic sources or sources with little blue or green light. Refer to Section 2.3 for ERR!LRO/TAC statement on spectral composition. 15 IESNA RP-33-99 - place that lets the municipality require,at its discretion, nued relevancy. With the successful establishment of corrective action for any lighting installation that fails to an outdoor lighting ordinance,an advisory committee meet ordinance-cited safety and/or security illumi- should be convened. This committee will ensure that nance criteria, or that produces unacceptable levels the ordinance continues to be responsive to the - of light trespass, light pollution, and/or glare. needs of the community, provide technical support for the municipality's planning staff, bring to bear Enforcement officers and municipality engineers evolving technologies, and provide feedback from must be trained in the intent of the lighting ordinance. the community to the establishing entity. As deemed Illuminance and luminance meters may be required appropriate, this committee might include repre- to measure lighting levels and luminances. The sentation from most (or all) of the following interests: enforcement officers should also be able to recom- retail, commercial, industrial, residential (e.g., a mend changes that would correct problem situations, homeowner's association), real estate, electrical such as re-aiming floodlights, adding appropriate engineering, sign manufacturer, astronomical obser- shielding, or replacing equipment. vatory, electrical construction, electric utility, police, public safety advocates, and municipal government. 6.5 Other Considerations The previous sections provide a road map for creating 7.0 SELECTING LIGHT SOURCES a generic lighting ordinance that deals with most typical AND BALLASTS lighting issues. But there is no model ordinance that will serve every need of all communities. Indeed, each community will probably have special situations Light sources for illuminating outdoor environments that must be accommodated. Surely the lighting should be selected according to their application. If needs of an urban community will differ from those color rendering is important, then a light source with of a rural community, and a municipality near an a high color rendering index (CRI) is crucial. Color astronomical observatory will want to pay particular temperature consideration is also important. Warmer attention to controlling sky glow. Property adjacency color temperatures in the 2100 K to 3500 K range should be taken into consideration. Stricter limitations should be considered for a warmer setting or when may be in order for properties in (or near) residential lighting specific types of architecture, for example, neighborhoods than for industrial properties. brick or sandstone. Cooler temperatures (4000 K to 5000 K) should be considered when lighting a green A performance-type ordinance, one that specifies landscape. Sometimes contrasting warm and cool the expected end result rather than how to achieve it, colors can create special effects, for example, provides the designer, developer, planner, or installer helping separate walkways from landscaping. with the freedom to meet the intent of the ordinance. This way,monotonous"cookie cutter"forced solutions Lumen maintenance and rated life should be com- are avoided,while providing the municipality with the mensurate with the lighting installation's criticality, the flexibility to objectively judge the seriousness of an difficulty involved in relamping, and the likelihood that offending installation. Language should be incorpo- the luminaires will (or will not) be properly maintained. rated in the lighting ordinance that provides the In areas where outdoor lighting is essential for security, municipality flexibility to waive or grant a variance emphasis must be placed on color rendering, lamp life, from specific requirements of the lighting ordinance. lumen maintenance, and vandal resistance. Selecting Waivers or variances should be based on considera- a short-lived incandescent source for a luminaire that tion of evidence demonstrating that the proposed has poor accessibility would be inappropriate. solution will provide a benefit without negative impact on the health, safety, or welfare of the community. Among available discharge-lamp sources, metal halide, high pressure sodium, and fluorescent are Whatever the lighting ordinance's intent, it should be the most commonly used. (Mercury vapor lamps simple and easy to understand. Clarity and enforce- should not be used for area lighting because of ability are key elements. The education of designers, energy inefficiencies and lumen depreciation installers,suppliers,code enforcement personnel, and characteristics.) Proper ballast selection is crucial. consumers will help ensure the ordinance's success. An improperly selected ballast may not adequately meet normal fluctuations in voltage, necessitating 6.6 Ongoing Ordinance Review more frequent lamp changes and increased main- tenance costs. Therefore, select and specify An outdoor lighting ordinance cannot be cast in ballasts that are capable of continuously operating stone. Communities are dynamic and therefore the the lamp, or employ protective devices which ordinance must be periodically reviewed for conti- minimize on/off cycling. IESNA 16.0 PARKING LOT LIGHTING Outdoor retail areas tend to be brighter than their surrounds. As an example, consider fast food establishments. If the adjacent properties and The first step in determining area classifications roadways are lighted to a base level, the restau- rant's drive-up and parking areas should be no and light level ranges for parking areas comes during brighter than ten times that level. Additional bright- the Community Responsive Design process of ness will not attract more attention, and may present Section 3.0. Minimize nuisance glare to homes in a hazard to motorists on adjacent roadways. residential communities through the careful con- sideration of any adjacent parking lots. IESNA cut- Refer to the latest version of IESNA RP-211 Recom- off-type luminaires should be used in most appli- mended Practice for Lighting Merchandising Areas cations (see Figure 40 and Figure 41). Poles for merchandise lighting guidelines. should usually be no higher than nearby buildings. House-side shields may be necessary in glare 18.1 Car Dealership Lighting sensitive areas. Light reflected off parked cars should be considered in evaluating nuisance The merchandise located on lots surrounding an glare. Refer to the latest versions of IESNA RP-8 automobile showroom usually consists of a "front American National Standard Practice for Roadway row" of cars or trucks adjacent to a primary road. Lighting, and IESNA RP-209 Lighting for Parking Attracting customers to these vehicles can be Facilities for specific design guidance and criteria. artfully accomplished. The lighting should "fill" the area without producing excessive brightness. 17.0 OUTDOOR SPORTS LIGHTING Luminaire luminance should be minimal as seen by motorists at normal viewing angles on adjacent roadways, or from the perspective of potential The first step in determining area classifications and customers examining the merchandise close up. light level ranges for outdoor sports lighting comes This can be accomplished by locating certain during the Community Responsive Design process of luminaire support poles between the roadway and the front row merchandise, then aiming the cut-off Section 3.0. When sports fields are adjacent to and low glare luminaires directly at the front row. roadways, the sports lighting should not contribute Glare reflected off the merchandise at normal glare onto the roadways. When sports fields;are viewing angles should be avoided — glare off a located adjacent to residential communities, the windshield for example. Selecting a light source overall brightness should be carefully controlled. that renders colors well will enhance merchandise Poles should usually be at least 21.3 m (70 ft.) high appearance. for aerial sports such as baseball or softball. Floodlights should not be aimed above 62 degrees, Other luminaires should be located on poles through- and should use internal louvers and external shields out the lot. Luminance produced by these luminaires to help minimize light pollution (see Figure 42). All should not cause disability glare for motorists nor outdoor sports fields should take into account create nuisance glare for homeowners in surrounding surrounding community brightness and be designed neighborhoods. Suggested illuminance and uniformity to minimize "sky glow." Refer to the latest version of IESNA RP-6,10 Recommended Practice for Sports ratios are shown in Table 7. This table is based and Recreational Area Lighting for specific design on the consensus opinion of the IESNA Outdoor guidance and applications criteria. Environmental Lighting Committee. 18.2 Service Station Lighting 18.0 OUTDOOR RETAIL LIGHTING The key to quality outdoor retail lighting is to attract the customer to a safe, secure environ- Exterior areas where customers view and select ment. Too often, this is translated into a call for merchandise such as found at car dealerships, auto- bright lights. Automobile service stations can be mobile service stations, lumber yards, and pedestri- an shopping malls require outdoor retail lighting. This island canopy as opposed to direct illumination lighting is necessary to attract shoppers, for from bright sources that may also create glare for customers to comfortably review the merchandise, those on the adjacent roadway. By lighting and for safe pedestrian passage. Security is also an service station surfaces (like the pump canopy issue, especially when the merchandise is left outside and the station's facade), customers can be 24 hours a day. drawn to a retail area which is attractive, yet free 42 s IESNA RP-33-99 Table 7: Illuminance Levels and Uniformities for Car Dealerships General Lighting Area Maximum Illuminance Maximum to on Pavement Minimum Ratio (lux/footcandles) Main Business Districts (highly competitive) • Adjacent to roadway 100-200/10-20 5:1 • Other rows 50-100/5-10 10:1 • Entrances 50-100/5-10 5:1 • Driveways 20-30/2-3 10:1 Secondary Business Districts (or small towns) • Adjacent to roadway 50-100/5-10 5:1 • Other rows 25-50/2.5-5 10:1 • Entrances 25-50/2.5-5 5:1 • Driveways l 10-20/1-2 10:1 Note:For lighting feature displays,see the latest version of RP-2 Recommended Practice for Lighting Merchandising Areas. of the negatives associated with very bright light. cause light pollution or deliver nuisance glare It is recommended that flat lenses (rather than to adjacent properties. This table is based on dropped lenses or refractors) be used. This will the consensus opinion of the IESNA Outdoor reduce the direct glare from any luminaires within Environmental Lighting Committee. the driver's field of view. Service stations lighted to high illuminance levels 19.0 OUTDOOR HOSPITALITY LIGHTING may pose adaptation problems for customers leaving the station and re-entering the much darker street or roadway nearby. Glare must be minimized to help The exterior regions around hotels, motels, and avoid such adaptation problems. restaurants are considered outdoor hospitality areas. The primary focus of these areas is either for pedes- Table 8 lists recommended Illuminance levels for trian walkways or for sit-down enjoyment. A;combi- automobile service stations. This lighting should nation of the techniques described in Sections 11.0, be provided with low glare luminaires that do not 12.0, and 14.0 for softscape/landscape, hardscape, Table 8:Service Station or Gas Pump Area Average Illuminance Levels Average Illuminance on Described Area Area Description (lux/footcandles) Approach with Dark Surroundings 15/1.5 Driveway with Dark Surroundings 15/1.5 Pump Island Area with Dark Surroundings 50/5 Building Facades with Dark Surroundings 20/2 Service Areas with Dark Surroundings 20/2 Landscape Highlights with Dark Surroundings 10/1 Approach with Light Surroundings 20/2 Driveway with Light Surroundings 20/2 Pump Island Area with Light Surroundings 100/10 Building Facades with Light Surroundings 30/3 Service Areas with Light Surroundings 30/3 Landscape Highlights with Light Surroundings 20/2 • An Introduction to the Issues of Light Pollution .T a s_3W1C+` j q, j _t ,,, i ry a t, , +." i t"r ry s , 3 �.s :Y N 0 A, A,. • ��h y '. } . • • x i -".►- y„ Satellite.•photo', :r, f i .. .- ..��, � ,� re•vealing ,the' y•w P --,,,,,•,.. ✓ y t i• y r , Ct_r -•, • 17, ,�x �� _�) _ ;estimated 30%.' ..c. �«°7} yea • + y-� i w. v�'-' r s ' T• - qr` •` ...•?;':', of..all US' apt ago t , k4,, r f • * .rw a •• hgh't ilg being'iiirecte. ; > ,• ` ,r- r 5;.,=,., ,.. ,� — ". �i ` skyward'•.as `waste.. r, p * j ' ' ' -' • A ''';:.,, ' Corlser�vativel c'±! ,- .`l Y > F'` a T -'� ,r Y- mot. S s1 • t $;: -„f u=>,�' • _ P 1� ';' ^ +„ x �c,*7•-• z estimated at wEln- x L r r, ` .' > ; :billion °dollars•' rn • • '' ,: •` a , : f -s vntt!1Y" 7" F ,�1• -, wa'sted�eleetricityyearly, .; � , :71 4 � Y r r • ; f< �= =this 30�1o•requires the burn• ing *x '•,�f t . ` '' { `,,, •' ,'` .3'": ••`" -! `:`."•-' • of 6 000,000 tons of eoak, ,' ,' ' .r .+ :' r S+ .a•r •' • eaclryear'�to generate thl ��► ' ; ' �• E electncity waste. '` :` 'a Fsttmated by the `,5 • t r i,Trt . r ''.,+ox-!i S r•.,. .�,. ._ .. , t- .. �. ..��' ,:(fi. a " ., ,.. / ..- ' Y-- temattonalDark=SkyAssocianon , We all win by correcting the problems of inefficient outdoor lighting at night. • Many types of outdoor lighting designed for advertising, security and visibility are actually wasteful, invasive and a source of disabling glare. • "Light trespass", the poor control of outdoor lighting which crosses property lines, detracts from our quality of life, and confuses the instinctive daily and seasonal cycles of animals and plants. • Although perceived as a deterrent to crime, studies by the US Department of Justice* and the National Institute of Justice* show no conclusive evidence that lighting actually prevents crime. • Public hazards have been created by the use of glaring,high-wattage floodlighting along roadways and business parking lots, shining directly in the driver's line of sight. • Public safety is also being compromised by businesses competing with light levels to attract business. The eye's inability to adjust quickly to drastic changes from light to dark, leaves a driver temporarily blind when exiting an overlit business area at night. It is not uncommon to see businesses using 3 to 6 times the recognized, lighting industry recommendations for site lighting (IESNA). • The recent awareness of global warming concerns, due in a large part to power plant emissions, now demands an effort to reduce our consumption of electricity. • Because of this unnecessary condition, many of our children today have already lost much of the starry night sky behind the glow of wasted light, limiting their imaginations to the man-made boundaries around them. • By correcting these outdoor lighting problems for the future we can save money and electricity, improve public safety and increase visibility, while reducing air pollution and green house gas emissions. *"Study of Streetlighting And Crime"7/77 by James M.Tien/US Dept.of Justice•www.drarksky.org/idta nida_2lmfo63.htm1 "Preventing Crime,What Works,What Doesn't,What's Promising" A report to the US Congress/The National Institutue of Justice•www.ncjrs.org/works/wholedoc.htm For more information,contact:The International Dark Sky Association 3225 N.First Ave.,Tucson AZ 85719 •520-293-3198 • website: http://www.darksky.org .Good Neighbor Outdoor Lighting Page 1 of 11 Good Neighbor Outdoor Lighting A GUIDE TO SELECTING AND INSTALLING EFFICIENT, COST- EFFECTIVE, AND UNOBTRUSIVE OUTDOOR LIGHTING FIXTURES ••,fir• .`•,tit +�:. ,., ■ +Y ■ •, 'ice t:... - _ � i a ■ . • ., • • • • + • ..• r. i. . • � a. . S. • 1. .8�i .y - �� •h 4 ,•• •1, • »�v.-,.a.,.F�f 1K.,s s,,■ M < � {t �.� w . � t.�rFfW:> . Fca m, m• �° e-r,,,,,,,,.. ' #a ��Q I ''' '.;- ,5-701,4 ,,,..**, , , ., io. ar7 >,xraA Compiled by the New England Light Pollution Advisory Group (NELPAG) and the International Dark-Sky Association May 1995 Why is there outdoor lighting? Outdoor lighting is used to illuminate roadways,parking lots, yards, sidewalks, public meeting areas, signs, work sites, and buildings. It provides us with better visibility and a sense of security. . When well-designed and properly installed, outdoor lighting can be and is very useful in improving visibility and safety and a sense of security,while at the same time minimizing energy use and operating costs. Why should we be concerned? If outdoor lighting is not well-designed and properly installed, it can be costly, inefficient, glary, and harmful to the •nighttime environment. These are the issues: • Glare: Poorly-designed or poorly installed lighting can cause a great deal of glare that can severely hamper the vision of pedestrians, cyclists, and drivers, creating a hazard rather than increasing safety. Glare occurs when you can see light directly from the fixture (or bulb). http://www.darksky.org/ida/gnol.html 01/07/2000 Good Neighbor Outdoor Lighting Page 2 of 11 • Light Trespass: Poor outdoor lighting shines onto neighborhood properties and into bedroom windows, reducing privacy,hindering sleep, and creating an unattractive look to the area. • Energy Waste: Much of our outdoor lighting wastes energy because it is not well-designed. This waste results in high operating costs and increased environmental pollution from the extra power generation needs. We waste over a billion dollars a year in the United States alone lighting up the sky at night. • Sky Glow: A large fraction of poor lighting shines directly upwards, creating the adverse sky glow above our cities that washes our view of the dark night sky, taking away an important natural resource. In addition to the cost savings, less sky glow will allow future generations to enjoy the beauty of the stars, and children will be inspired to learn and perhaps to enter fields of science. What is Good Lighting? Good lighting does its intended job well and with minimum adverse impact to the environment. Good lighting has four distinct characteristics: 1. It provides adequate light for the intended task, but never over-lights. Specifying sufficient light for a job is sometimes hard to do on paper.Remember that a full moon can make an area seem quite bright. Some.modern lighting systems illuminate areas to a level 100 times as bright as does the full moon! Brighter is not always better, so try to choose lights that will meet your needs without illuminating the neighborhood. If you can't decide what to do, consulting a good lighting designer is usually your best bet. 2. It uses "fully-shielded" lighting fixtures, fixtures that control the light output in order to keep the light in the intended area. Such fixtures have minimum glare from the light-producing source. "Fully-shielded" means that no light is emitted above the horizontal. (High-angle light output from ill-designed fixtures is mostly wasted, doing no good in lighting the ground,but still capable of causing a great deal of glare. Of course, all the light going directly up is totally wasted.) Fully-shielded light fixtures are more effective and actually increase safety, since they have very little glare. Glare can dazzle and considerably reduce the effectiveness of the emitted light. 3. It has the lighting fixtures carefully installed to maximize their effectiveness on the targeted property and minimize their adverse impact beyond the property borders. Positioning of fixtures is very important. Even well-shielded fixtures placed on tall poles at a property boundary can cast a lot of light onto neighboring properties. This "light trespass" greatly reduces and invades privacy, and is difficulty to resolve after the installation is complete. Fixtures should be positioned to give adequate uniformity of the illuminated area. A few bright fixtures (or ones that are too low to the ground) can often create bright "hot spots" that make the less-lit areas in-between seem dark. This can create a safety problem. When lighting signs, position the lights above and in front of the sign, and keep the light restricted to the sign area; overlit signs are actually harder to read._Buildings ought to be similarly lit in a way to offer an attractive, safe environment without overkill. http://www.darksky.org/ida/gnol.html 01/07/2000 • Good Neighbor Outdoor Lighting Page 3 of 11 4. It uses fixtures with high-efficiency lamps,while still considering the color and quality as essential design criteria. High-efficiency lamps used for lighting not only save energy -which is good for a cleaner environment-but reduce operating costs. Most high-efficiency lamps last a long time, reducing costly maintenance. Highly-efficient fixtures usually cost more initially, but the payback time is very short, and such fixtures will save you lots of money in a short time. Balancing against high-efficiency,though, is the quality of the light emitted. In some applications,the yellow light cast by low-pressure (LPS) or high-pressure (HPS) sodium lamps may not be as desirable as a less-efficient,but much whiter, compact-fluorescent, metal-halide, or even incandescent light source: In other applications, color is not of importance, and LPS or HPS lamps do a very good job at very low cost. Well-designed shielded lights can usually be lower in wattage, saving even more energy and money. They will actually light an area better than unshielded lights of higher output, because they make use of all the light rather than wasting some (or much) of it. Why are these characteristics so important? How do they factor into a design? Good lighting means that we save energy and money, and we avoid hassles. A quality lighting job makes a "good neighbor." And we have a safer and more secure nighttime environment. Always remember that lighting should benefit people. Controlled, effective, efficient lighting at a home or business will enhance the beauty,while providing visibility, safety, and security. Poorly- installed, bright lighting is offensive and gives a very poor image. EXAMPLES OF SOME COMMON LIGHTING FIXTURES POOR GOOD 1 1 1 t -1 1 4',• '1 ' .'•:-' -:•:, Af , 1 1 f f', f' 1 1 w 1 t J ; , l t; * L G round-mounted Top-mounted B illb oard Floodlights B illb oard Floodlights (care fully focused onto billboard) 1 1 • ANL- 1 1 , 1 r + r�` tss tk.e '�R. http://www.darksky.org/ida/gnol.html 01/07/2000 Good Neighbor Outdoor Lighting Page 4 of 11 Post-style Lamp Post�tyle Lamp (more than 1,800 lumens) (lamp setin opaque top) EXAMPLES OF SOME COMMON LIGHTING FIXTURES POOR GOOD JJ • .---- .5 t ✓, `may __ „ ; \:• , �Nrt 1 1 � ^ J 1 l J 1 4 1 \ Typical"Nall Pack" Typical'S'lne B o$"(forward Hhrcw) 3 1 �" ,d, 1 ti tti ��— r r 1 t •-ti "" . -,^ i if 1 ti N. Typical"Yard Light" Opaque Relflector(smp iris ike) 4 q } 11 y . . 1 + / 1 Area Flocd Light Area Flood Light with Hood MODIFYING EXISTING FIXTURES CHANGE THIS_._ TO THIS._. r -I_: '.. Ai �DDWARDS 5 ---, J r FLOODLIGHT CHANGE THIS.._ TO THIS... -- - IPInstall VISOR h:1�. ' r �t may} �- mxta1 a'naJOV http://www.darksky.org/ida/gnol.html 01/07/2000 Good Neighbor Outdoor Lighting Page 5 of 11 ' w il.L.L.YA4h C[°I1NGE THIS_.. TO THIS.__ if TO THIS... N. _ -s IF, ..„„, ''''„,,,,,,,,,,,...„ k. 1,,,, . ., , 7,,j: --- I-,' ri.,1 \ ‘„-- -- ~ .1 4A s I fJ I \. `,..M1 YARD'AGM' OPAQUE'REFLECTOR SIIOESOx Some Thoughts on Cost: Money Talks! There are many cheap lighting fixtures available from most discount warehouse stores and from electrical suppliers. Are these good deals? o Most cheap fixtures have poor control of the light output, and they produce a lot of glare. It usually takes better and more-costly internal reflectors to get light out without glare and to give better light distribution. Modifying installed fixtures to reduce glare, or installing more fixtures to better coverage can be expensive. • Cheap fixtures often have inefficient lamps and short lamp life, so they use far more energy than needed. Paying for more electricity than needed is expensive, as is the higher maintenance costs of these so-called "cheap" fixtures. Some cost comparisons 5 YEAR OPERATING COST $570 I FIXTURE COST - TOTAL $432 TOTAL a$ $260 - SAVED } - $310 'R TOTAL asil �' - $5411 a o �: 4 $307 v ri , A 4422 s SAVED .r , . - ; $115 ; i 2,10 TOTAL �at t45 .R- - � i10 ;°3 i 'j 300 WATT QUARTZ 28 WATT COMPACT 175 WATT MERCURY 90 WATT HIGH PRES. HALOGEN FLUORESCENT VAPOR SODIUM CUT-OFF FLOODLIGHT FLOODLIGHT SECURITY LIGHT SECURITY LIGHT SIGN LIGHT AREA LIGHT http://www.darksky.org/ida/gnol.html 01/07/2000 Good Neighbor Outdoor Lighting Page 6 of 11 Some Basic Considerations • Always remember that lighting should benefit people. Controlled, effective, efficient lighting at your home or business will enhance the surroundings and give a sense of safety and security. People don't appreciate poorly-installed, overly-bright lighting. • Check your site at night before installing lighting and note the existing light levels. If the area has low levels of lighting,then modest levels of light will work well for you and will fit more hospitably in the neighborhood. • Try to keep the lighting uniform and reduce glare as much as possible. Lights that make bright "hot spots" and ones that have glare make it hard to see well - especially for older people. • Be aware that light fixtures can have different lighting patterns. (Some patterns are long and narrow light cones, while others are more symmetrical.) Some fixtures have internal adjustments that can change the lighting pattern to a modest extent Pick the right pattern for your job. • Consider using lights that turn on by motion detection.Not only will you reap big savings in operating costs, but you will have a far more effective security light due to its "instant-on" characteristics.Note that these lights can also be turned on manually. These light fixtures are not expensive, and they use very little energy. Higher-priced motion-detection units will prove more reliable. Manufacturers and Suppliers A Selection of Manufacturers and Suppliers of Good Lighting Equipment • Any lamp -no matter how faint- can be annoying in certain circumstances, so it is encouraged that all outdoor lights be fully shielded. However, with fixtures that use d&MMling lamps (typically all HPS,mercury vapor, and metal-halide lamps, and clear incandescent lamps of 150 watts or greater),the requirement for shielding is imperative. Here is a list of some good lighting fixtures,with manufacturers or suppliers names,product numbers, and addresses(with telephone numbers in parentheses). Please note that this is not a comprehensive list of all good lighting fixtures; these are a sample of those fixtures that have come to the attention of NELPAG as of the winter of 1995. As other quality fixtures are brought to our attention,they will be included in future updates. Please do give us your suggestions. ABOLITE: 10000 Alliance Road; Cincinnati, OH 45242 (513-793-8875) GENLYTE P.O.Box 129; Union,NJ 07083 (908-964-7000) GENERAL ELECTRIC: Hendersonville,NC 28739 (800-626-2000) GUTH LIGHTING: 2615 Washington Blvd.; St. Louis, MO 63103 (314-533-3200) HADCO: P.O. Box 128; Littlestown, PA 17340 (717-359-7131) http://www.darksky.org/ida/gnol.html 01/07/2000 Information Sheet 122 (May 1997) Page 1 of 3 Examples of Good and Bad Lighting Fixtures Information Sheet 122,May 1997 International Dark-Sky Association 3225 N.First Ave.,Tucson,AZ 85719 U.S.A. E-mail:idgdarkskv.org WWW:http://www.darksky.org solid '" A top • l V 1 panels f- e�. R4u GOOD Even post- GOOD The top ornamental fixtures, like this Yorktown, another Salem Cutoff from ornamental from BAD Non-cutoff GE Lighting, can be Emery Fixtures, fixtures like this cutoff with clear also has clear "acorn" ornamental panels and panels and bulb cause light lamp/reflector located above for pollution. located above. maximum glare and spill light control. 1 ., GOOD Flat-lens cobra head fixtures, GOOD This new like this American generation of flat- BAD The Electric Series 125 lens cobra head ubiquitous drop- Roadway Cutoff fixture from lens cobra head luminaire, provide American Electric, luminaire produces excellent roadway call the DuraStar a level of glare and lighting with 2000, provides uplight that is both greatly reduced superior lighting unacceptable and glare and no uniformity at unnecessary. uplight. standard mounting heights and spacings. http://www.darksky.org/ida/ida_2/infol22.html 01/07/2000 Information Sheet 122 (May 1997) Page 2 of 3 ' GOOD The Hubbell Skycap turns any BAD NEMA head GOOD Many standard NEMA style fixtures are existing dusk-to- head light into a very inefficient, dawn security lights full-cutoff light sending about 20% and residential with wide area of the light upward streetlights can be coverage. and another 20% retrofitted with the horizontally Hubbell Skycap. outward, creating glare. t rill ,, , <, _anti, ,.;, To t..... . . � i GOOD Flat-lens 6 BAD (sometimes) shoebox fixtures 1, ,,>, If The telltale sag lens gives this luminaire come in many away as a possible forms; square, GOOD Post-top problem. If the lens rectangular, flat-lens shoebox is clear and very circular, etc. All fixtures like this shallow, and the one provide good control the light area illumination bulb wattage is not with internal without light too high, this type reflectors. Glare and pollution. of light can cover a light trespass are wider area without minimized; no too much glare or uptight is produced. uplight, but beware! http://www.darksky.org/ida/ida_2/infol22.html 01/07/2000 • information Sheet 122 (May 1997) Page 3 of 3 »-wwRA' 1li !igt---- GOOD Full-cutoff" i wall packs such as '` „ R` this mcPhilben 101 �{ GOOD Recessed Wall Sconce make canister lights built excellent entryway into the eaves or and building canopy of a house, BAD Wall packs perimeter lights, garage, or other like this should and there is enough building is the first never be used. They forward throw that choice for lighting produce enormous adequate lighting is building exteriors. glare and uplight. provided for near- building parking. t ■ aft.. GOOD If , floodlights must be used, they should always have top and GOOD Even sports BAD Unshielded side shielding, and lighting can be done floodlights provide be pointed at least well, if one uses a trashy "prison 45 ° below the cutoff light fixtures yard" look and horizontal. such as these from should not be used. Soft Lighting Systems. Go back to the IS list Go back to the IDA homepage http://www.darksky.org/ida/ida_2/infol22.html 01/07/2000 • F.S. 1997 F.S. 1997 THEFT, ROBBERY, AND RELATED CRIMES Ch.812 JRCHASE (c) A wrecker, car hauler, or other motor vehicle (e) Window signage that allows a clear and unob- :Dply to per- that is knowingly used or has been used to convey or structed view from outside the building and in a normal Subject of a transport a stolen motor vehicle or major component line of sight of the cash register and sales transaction a lessee to part. area. -y or equip- History.—s.49.ch.B7-243.s.72.ch.95-211. (f) Height markers at the entrance of the conven- ience812.1701 Short title.—Sections 812.1701-812.175 business which display height measures. may be cited as the "Convenience Business Security (g) A cash management policy to limit the cash on hand at all times after 11 p.m. ins; penal- Act."Hhtory.—s. 1,ch.92.103 (2) A convenience business shall not have window . tinting that reduces exterior or interior view in a normal ig, storage 812.171 Definition.—As used in this act, the term line of sight. -ie or more "convenience business' means any place of business (3) Every convenience business shall be equipped tering, dis- that is primarily engaged in the retail sale of groceries, with a silent alarm to law enforcement or a private sealing or or both groceries and gasoline, and that is open for security agency, unless application for an exemption is -nicle or of business at any time between the hours of 11 p.m. and made to and granted by the Attorney General.An appli- or vehicle; 5 a.m. The term "convenience business" does not cation for exemption must be in writing and must be :r vehicles include: accompanied by an administrative fee of S25 for each gent parts (1) A business that is solely or primarily a restau- store for which an exemption would apply. ant. rant. (4) If a murder, robbery, sexual battery,aggravated of the fol- (2) A business that always has at least five employ- assault, aggravated battery, or kidnapping or false ardless of ees on the premises after 11 p.m. and before 5 a.m. imprisonment, as those crimes are identified and including (3) A business teat has at least 10,000 square feet defined by Florida Statutes, occurs or has occurred at is; frame of retail floor space. a convenience business since July 1, 1989, and arises :ops;rear The term"convenience business"does not include any out of the operation of the convenience business, that oor panel business in which the owner or members of his or her convenience business shall implement at least one of ;ntinuous family work between the hours of 11 p.m. and 5 a.m. the following security measures: History.—s.3.ch.90-346:s.2.ch.92.103:s. 1243.ch.97.102. (a) Provide at least t';io employees on the premises in, upon, at all times after 11 p.m. and before 5 a.m.; De trans- 812.172 Intent.—The Legislature finds that the pro- (b) Install for use by employees at all times after 11 .e is self- visions of this act are intended to prevent violent crimes p.m. and before 5 a.m. a secured safety enclosure of oy a self- and thereby to protect employees and the consumer transparent polycarbonate or other material that meets all other public at late-night convenience businesses. It is the at least one of the following minimum standards: .ut which further intent of the Legislature that security standards 1. American Society for Testing and Materials ..ding but for late-night convenience businesses be uniform Standard D3935 (classification PC110 B 3 0800700) els. throughout this state. and that has a thickness of at least 0.375 inches and -ates, or History•—s.<.ch.9C 3;6:s.3.ch.9z•to3. has an impact strength of at least 200 foot pounds; or id abets 812.1725 Preemption.—A political subdivision of 2. Underwriters Laboratory Standard UL 752 for acting a this state may not adopt, for convenience businesses, medium power small arms (level one), Bullet Resisting e.e, pun- security standards which differ from those contained in Equipment; 3, or s. (c) Provide a security guard on the premises at all ss. 812.173 and 812.174, and all such differing stand- times after 11 p.m. and before 5 a.m.; convic ards, whether existing or proposed, are hereby pre (d) Lock the business premises throughout the -lay be empted and superseded by general law, except any hours of 11 p.m. to 5 a.m., and only transact business ier of a local ordinance in effect prior to September 1988 and through an indirect pass-through trough, trapdoor, or Donent determined by the Department of Legal Affairs to pro- window; or already vide more stringent security standards than those con (e) Close the business at all times after 11 p.m.and for any tained in ss. 812.173 and 812.174 shall not be pre before 5 a.m. of the empted and superseded by general law for a period of (5) For purposes of this section, any convenience 2 years from December 31, 1992. >titution History.—s.4,ch.92-103. business that by law implemented any of the security or fine t --,a-- -- y`- -- •---- . measures set forth in paragraphs(4)(a)through(e)and / 812.173 Convenience business security.— `, has maintained said measures as required by the oject to : 1 (1) Every convenience business shall be equipped ; Department of Legal Affairs without any occurrence or 1 with the following security devices and standards: incidence of the crimes identified by subsection (4)for oonent 1 (a) A security camera system capable of recording • a period of no less than 24 months immediately preced- vehi I and retrieving an image to assist in offender identifica- 1 ing the filing of a notice of exemption, may file with the Dbable tion and apprehension. t department a notice of exemption from these enhanced e true i i (b A drop safe or cash management device for j security measures. In no event shall this exemption be i r ricted access to cash receipts. I interpreted to preclude full compliance with the security evice, / (c) A lighted parking lot illuminated at an intensity l measures set forth in subsection(4)should any occur- ering, t of at least 2 foot-candles per square foot at 18 inches rence or incidence of the crimes identified by subsec- con- j above the surface. tion (4) cause subsection (4) to be statutorily applica- •vehi i (d) A conspicuous notice at the entrance which ble. As of the date this act becomes law, the Depart- states that the cash register contains $50 or less• l f� ment of Legal Affairs will provide notice to any conven- 1677 _ 1 . . . • - v . Lots of risk s 1• Parking facilities challenge security I I . - - first security defense. Number one on _ BY 10ER1tY LYDC11d ARG's 1994 survey of consumer's most- - wanted secunry solutions: -very brightly all it the dark side of store manage- lit parking lots." Some respondents even .t. parking lots today are nsky busi- advocate posting video cameras in lots. - Outdoor lighting boosts business in • one in live crimes that spawn secure- several ways, according to the and BarnesNoble bookstore In north- le lawsuits occur in parking lots. Washington based National Lighting lot with footea dle lighting Bares ei in aces of 50,about 10 }year percent of tars ulta shows thato Safety free overview -Lighting for N� p�into�e�g"Rib supermarket 1e 20 percent assault and battery Safety and Security.' �,20 percent of robberies,14 percent First, it deters or at least displaces times that of a typical mall.Robert-Rimy,d cacb irector of marketing W.�fl6����` wrongful deaths and as many rape crime to more dimly li locations. said store the has h four 00-pers seemat Pro enssaid, h• le.S Ls about 120 feet es occurred in parking lots. Second, it promotes safety by 8 steps, puddles, walkways and even According to the NLB,the mall surveyed basic property management tactics.that th< The news for retailers is especiallyin Y shoppers on their lighting preferences Post roaming signs indicating SL According co"Major Developments pedestrians. Third, facade lighting of ,remises Security Liability,'the 10-year exterior windows, doors and entrances and installed new outdoor metal halide lot is for customers only," said security dy compiled by liability Consultants makes it easy to spot unlawful entry. lamps. If mall management measured a consultant Jerry Brandt, Risk Prevention :., Framingham, MA, more than 40 Trade groups are rallying around retum on the investment only in terms of Group, Chicago. "Specify that violator energy savings, payback would have will be towed and that no loitering i -cent of security lawsuits against retail lightingas a relatively low-cots,nunen� allowed. Then you're legally e d mall owners were filed because of essential and are increasing taken close to 100 years. king lot crimes, j Further, one in three ed lighting levels for retailersfor l But management factored in faster and police have something to enforce.' on.VA, recommends a} snow removal, increased sales, reduced [unit loitering and vandalism by keeF sail resulted in a judgment settlement: the I The Americanto Society, e for Industrial vandalism and a 55,000 annual savings ing lots clean and free of broken gees :ail owner. The average settlement: a ) toSec5-fo tcaArindt ftrS13 million S footcandle minimum maintained on security patrols—ail of which cost-jail- Replace broken tight fixtures imniediatt The toll is putting the brakes on bail-I evenly throughout a Inc Other shopping tified the new lighting• ly, even if the city or municipality pre center groups?.re increasing standards[O 3, Similarly, studies in the restaurant vides lot Lighting. "Keep calling until el- ems. I e.As ide, -Going anywhere at night is the nurit the 5-to 6-foo[candle rang idsindustry show that some outlets with city or utility fixes the light, ' ra ar n er one fear of shoppers,' said Britt 1 that's enough light to read a newspaper ;improved lighting increased nighttime advisewho youotcdownalked who en you cealled caner, director of America's Research 1 comfortably anywhere in the lot. sales much as 40 percent. :coup (Aresearch Charleston, to a con- But uniformity airy is the critical issue in : To be sure,lighting isn't the only sales dragged into a lawsuit later.' airier research firm that studies the; lighting," said marketing representative i or security solution, and too much car. Anotherrip.tow abandoned cars frc make a store look like a car dealership, your facility, Brandt said; -They attn. :nrrac2 of crime. Almost half of all shop-! at ISI industries, Cincinnati. "••� 2-ft. can- when the need for brighter lighting pits more abandoned cars, then People st xrs inglotci said that walking in Despitee j die minimum for example,means a aril security against marketing concerns, sleeping in them,and pretty soon you :irking lots frightens [hem. : form light level and some states are now security advise retailers to build a cone.^.- finding bodies in the trunk--no knddon 8 :ationwide reports of slowing crime, actually legislating uniformity as a sus and establish agreeable lighting scan- For added safety, provide walkw: aces,that fear of crime factors into a star-, requirement around convenience stores. dards for all stores in a chain. and sidewalks that run parallel to oaf .m.35 percent drop inretail sales after 6'• and automatic teller machines.' Don't force pedestrians cot cross to: o.m. over the last four years, according .Siorertical achie oriented s, ex miry o ARG. with vertically oriented lamps, experts Words of warning near banners or walk in the roadway Even packed, patrolled and well-man- say, with sockets in the top vs. the side Lighting is an obvious and affordable access the store. aged lots can be a business loss.Parking- of the fLmrre,sparing some 50 percent of choice to improve parking,but it doesn't Such efforts won't quell crime cc elated operation generate a whopping light that ofherw take the place of officer patrols, store pletely,but they11 go a long way to rr ene falls to the ground alarms, surveillance systems and some ing it to a darker spot down the street. 526 billion annually in revenues, accord- uncontrolled. Often such vertical lamps :rig to estimates from MasterCard allow more light with fewer poles and ntemauorut. But businesses lose an zits- fixtures. 4 e Most stores use white light such as • '� StpnChjOns r r .1 ::arc five percent to 10 percent of that , t ,J tidy sum—perhaps as much as 32 hil- metal halide.which is brighter and usual- �. b f Qi Be _ Jay,gar 5t°e :on—ro mismanagement, errors and ly provides better color rendition than trp��p , 4.�aoao's relax& general shrutkage. high pressure sodium lights. e r 7dwrs P eRecd+e When cost makes improved lighting a :mock barriers tough sell to upper management,conid- lighdng the way pouts;fa ary rzac l pcc cc Consumers and experts alike point to er the experience of the Fairmount Fair ._ The ESCORT olows fa the a improved parking lot lighting as a store's `tall in suburban Syracuse, NY. s C doirrrx0Hownotrei uress+x Hoot spore a reC: rosily cecote s.The ESCORT i. Five steps to more secure property -..: le • ,,, terror*belt rroncbc ayertere4 min*stripsoilonc I. I'tiblic telephoitui Pay phones can sources say. s rrrrry post, on mean money in the pocket of a proper- Supermarkets should add fencing to �ore �colon belt tv owner, but they also attract loiterers protect their trash areas and patrol the • 1 lik\ to the comae at [n and are an instant office for illegal deal- back lot as well as the front. Scree Deportment Ea logs. Property managers advise you to 1 4 &mo tt move public phones inside the store for -a. Iiigh risk neighbors: Sharing a .-y 71 t .• ' , � greater control and fewer after-hours parking lot with game arcades, check ',1`1 'IIII", • i.: w„mrs :\h,,,most local phone conrpa- Lashing ,ervires and liquor stores pre- I. cur, air willing to sum all service due- srnu a higher risk tor o robbery the ;r. - . iris ing late night hours, or restrict the s Tail inhib ring loitenn f»rl sn;ui ru,(PM)I: Cab./Save,044 Ca phone to outgoing calls only. other store managers to establish rya- T - • (coal rill rid a(cool w 'unable hours of operation and security • ;j: '. Automatic'teller machines: as needed--even if it means stationing - • — •Post Rails R •Turnstiles Attracting both the haves and the have- a guard outside on weekends.When all QY: •Gales-lionu°l8,Electric •Sneeze Guards n„is•ATM's should he well lit and away else fails, enlist the property owner CO l/�" • emend lease agreements as needed. /�p 1p Queuing Systems •Partition Poses lnnn cars nr heavy landscaping HlP •Bross 8 Posts live l.1cr• i. Tr-.131i patrol: In urban areas vexed 5. Kos SLOpa 'They bring crime,'said on •CaseEquipmentrction • Products with food and shelter shortages, mall manager.-Do what you can to keep vagrants tend to bind a home in laundry them away from main entrances and Circle 37 on Product Info Card .,,,i, and grocery .store duiiilt.siers, make Mein brightly lit." • 11t1 _ ION _ _ � • • IaQ� oo, hop Il t ' (1 Photos courtesy of J& ndustr s --..E.• , vy iti.rig l . ' - for•Lighting Upgrades - „� .it - : i,- can see well enough to pump gas,but is that enough?In ware cases it might be — when you're the only I1 into �y�u_don't have to be flashy.But if you're trying - Efces r • •,aM` #= .' . . :-''other station, eye-catching lighting r ' =: .f �........„ .;,•.tea .�l.... ~ 'P • 1/} �-„r%: _•.=;�f i. .: p 't until you change brands or need iiiii.....1:2„, �- i.y — v?a-i7f' �j,sj .•• : ti',t mean that you can't ja77 it up. --�,.'. r " s`'y errt-''oils 000st•traffic;cut operating expenses and ' .* t. v..- Q4,, ,:y y r•,`:i.•4 t r - ..- 1-r 1.../.t:•+:k Mlr.•./.7{f��'.. -f -oi. ecunty. .. - - . :1 .ex. : t-: : ....g sure that your lighting system is does it create the perception that this facility is clean.ready for •ido_+•• I. •yc i'svant it to do, says Scott Ready, vice president business: open. safe and secure. k �' "`�' Which primary lighting strategy to choose depends upon a ,.i;•;. , -�,+••_. • enm :division, for LSI Industries Inc., '{. '_..4 1.. 114.t•1 - -..1 .N:• -•4 - station's goals.If you are the only station for 200 miles and are .z,-1,60.-s+; r. ,us;:r.,tamers;ihar lighting. provides different in a safe area,task lighting may be just about enough. In other ;N�•^ ':1�t 14!•?3•0'0` '2.. •••-.call recommend considering areas,safety and security may be the primary goals of a station ?�?ei i::&" 1ii1-: iti' i. . ' -•.-;eutre.:rk.-;:m,,,-.'. ,l�ghttng• ow._ _ter t• 3i.:.•r•`tr i ii**w`.'an - ./ uantit of light,depending on r g)'— 's,. .••.....,,:.vrl�v-•1- .,• ., q y g pe g In most areas, though, competition dictates the strafe '° ,tt.+ • /'-�""' aa�ls` According to Ready,the three levels of stations need something to help them jump out and attract • '._• •.,, ;,,••.' `,''^.,:.F,•_s . : passing cars.The investment is larger for merchandising llght- ..c4. . !;f€`.,, c:•,it he lowest levels of light required to do the ing,but marketers can look on the "bright.' side —if you have .•: " `i: •. 'nozzle;read the directions and pump fuel. enough lights to showcase your site and draw customers. 1 =•�:y :.1..41:: .`•-th`e basics,the second goal of lighting is to you've probably accomplished dour other goals as well. .' •,.�. gig.y, .`;,"`;.,!.11*.`� �•„�`: ,•.secure feelings, not just for customers but e-key though, Rea y says, rs tom e sure you take into t h�i.?�;. !. .. :,._•r;. : . . account every category when you're building or upgrading your • ' This pushes lighting to the highest levels. 1-,,zya��.,i.1.: .. ...•.- p gh g 8 lighting system. .1 •' to create an eye-catching image that will ' -The problem is, people judge just one category." he says. =" •* : ,xarr "Some You have way too much light to pump gas. idraw ......, onto..the_mpem'• peo ay, . ;1-: : i.4eneral; task requires minimum quantity and quality,' But they're not thinking about customers walking across the site Ready_says.-"For merchandising, on the other hand, we're to the c-store" going to address quality first—how does it attract attention" - - •For merchandising, simply having enough light for cus- Determining cost . s:to,see what they're doing isn't the main goal. When When evaluating your system, it's also important to take •. .. y ,_..: y..- lr,nnmg_a lighting system to attract customers, it's how does into account total cost of ownership.not just the cost of new "" �:glook,how does it make the canopy look and how units. It may cost money to upgrade. but those costs may be - ---" � Match 1999 Information Sheet 122 (May 1997) Page 1 of 3 • Examples of Good and Bad Lighting Fixtures Information Sheet 122,May 1997 International Dark-Sky Association 3225 N.First Ave.,Tucson,AZ 85719 U.S.A. E-mail:idaa`darkskv.orR WWW:http:/twww.darksky.org ll solid top �f. r. ino. if A 0 r .,. ../ glass 1.:r• side try 1'1 U panels Mg GOOD Even post- � �, ,�„ top ornamental I GOOD The fixtures, like this Yorktown, another Salem Cutoff from ornamental from BAD Non-cutoff GE Lighting, can be Emery Fixtures, fixtures like this cutoff with clear also has clear "acorn" ornamental panels and panels and bulb cause light lamp/reflector located above for pollution. located above. maximum glare and spill light control. GOOD Flat-lens °-� cobra head fixtures, GOOD This new like this American generation of flat- BAD The Electric Series 125 lens cobra head ubiquitous drop- Roadway Cutoff fixture from lens cobra head luminaire, provide American Electric, luminaire produces excellent roadway call the DuraStar a level of glare and lighting with 2000, provides uplight that is both greatly reduced superior lighting unacceptable and glare and no uniformity at unnecessary. uplight. standard mounting heights and spacings. http://www.darksky.org/ida/ida_2/infol22.html 01/07/2000 • . Information Sheet 122 (May 1997) Page 2 of 3 _II: : I'A ip. ...-•-:-.:1 .-, .. a GOOD The Hubbell Skycap turns any BAD NEMA head GOOD Many standard NEMA style fixtures are existing dusk-to- head light into a very inefficient, dawn security lights full-cutoff light sending about 20% and residential with wide area of the light upward streetlights can be coverage. and another 20% retrofitted with the horizontally Hubbell Skycap. outward, creating glare. r rill iltAin [lit: BAD (sometimes) GOOD Flat-lens '� The telltale sag lens shoebox fixtures l , • ° gives this luminaire come in many away as a possible forms; square, GOOD Post-top problem. If the lens rectangular, flat-lens shoebox is clear and very circular, etc. All fixtures like this shallow, and the one provide good control the light area illumination bulb wattage is not with internal without light too high, this type reflectors. Glare and pollution. of light can cover a light trespass are wider area without minimized; no too much glare or uplight is produced. uplight, but beware! http://www.darksky.org/ida/ida_2/infol22.html 01/07/2000 • 1p.formation Sheet 122 (May 1997) Page 3 of 3 r- _,_, 3 - �? r T• GOOD Full-cutoff 7t' -- _' wall packs such as ':: ;1: A # this mcPhilben 101 GOOD Recessed , rt _J,.' -- Wall Sconce make canister lights built excellent entryway into the eaves or and building canopy of a house, BAD Wall packs perimeter lights, garage, or other like this should and there is enough building is the first never be used. They forward throw that choice for lighting produce enormous adequate lighting is building exteriors. glare and uplight. provided for near- building parking. a A^d^ 4, ir if .,.„. Flt,. ,..-,!ii ,;,-;,„,.._;,7 GOOD If floodlights must be used, they should always have top and GOOD Even sports BAD Unshielded side shielding, and lighting can be done floodlights provide be pointed at least well, if one uses a trashy "prison 45 °below the cutoff light fixtures yard" look and horizontal. such as these from should not be used. Soft Lighting Systems. Go back to the IS list Go back to the IDA homepage http://www.darksky.org/ida/ida_2/infol22.html 01/07/2000 LOCAL LIGHT LEVELS The following light level measurements (in footcandles) were taken on February 2, 2000 and represent spot readings at representative locations. These readings are singular and are not based upon computed values over the entire site using an average of multiple readings. Plantation Grove Shopping Center Publix 1.0 Ave./2.5 @ Bldg. Entry First Union 3.0 Ave. Mobil Station 41.0 Max./5.0 @ Bldg. Entry Blackwood and State Road 50 Health Central Parking Lot 1.5 Ave. Suntrust 2.0 Ave. Hudson's 5.0 Ave. West Oaks Mall West Oaks Square 1.0 Ave. / 9.0 Max. Dillard's Parking Lot 1.5 Ave. AMC Parking Lot 2.0 Ave. /5.5 Max. Border's Parking Lot 3.0 Ave. /7.0 Max. Good Homes and State Road 50 Publix 1.0 Ave. /4.5 Max. Burger King 4.0 Ave. / 15.0 Max. Circuit City of Ocoee 4.0 Ave. Lowe's 3.0 Ave. / 12.0 Max. Olympia Square Shopping Center Winn-Dixie Parking Lot 3.0 Ave. First National Bank 7.0 Ave. EXXON 5.0 Ave. /45.0 Max. Gas Stations Little Champ- Silver Star &Apopka-Vineland 45.0 Max. Shiner's - Dorsher & State Road 50 45.0 Max. Amoco- Maguire Road & State Road 50 41.0 Max. Shell - Maguire Road &State Road 50 42.0 Max. 7-11 - Bluford & State Road 50 40.0 Max. City Hall Parking Lot 1.0 Ave. Commission Chambers 40.0 Ave. (inside) Office Lighting 50.0 Ave. (inside) O:\CALEXANDERWLL_DATA\CAPDFILE\FORMS\2000 FORMS\FORMS00019.doc MINUTES OF THE PLANNING AND ZONING COMMISSION REGULAR MEETING HELD TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 8, 2000 I. CALL TO ORDER The meeting was called to order by Chairman Bond at 7:32 p.m. A moment of silent meditation was followed by the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag. The role was called and a quorum was declared present. PRESENT: Chairman Bond, Vice-Chairman Switzer, Members Landefeld, McKey, McNeil, Matthys, Miller and Rhodus. Also present were Assistant City Attorney Formella, Planning Director Wagner, and Administrative Secretary Dawson. ABSENT: Member Christoefl. II. CONSENT AGENDA The consent agenda consisted of approval of Item A: fit' A. 5 15- ITEM A: Minutes of the Planning and Zoning' Commission m Regular Meeting held on Wednesday,January 26, 2000. Member Matthys, seconded by Vice-Chairman Switzer; moved to approve the consent agenda as corrected. Motion carried 8-0. { III. NEW BUSINESS ITEM A: PROPOSED UPGRADED SITE LIGHTING STANDARDS PUBLIC HEARING ACTING AS LOCAL PLANNING AGENCY Planning Director Wagner presented the staff report recommending approval of a proposed ordinance amending the Land Development Code pertaining to Site Lighting Standards. Staff is focusing on trying to control the amount of glare and intensity of light, with the emphasis on quality of lighting versus quantity. The West Oaks Mall was used as a guide for the General Activity Standards, which is an average of 1 foot candle average. After evaluating various commercial site plans, it was found that the 1 foot candle average was not standard within the industry. Staff was advised during the Publix presentation that 1 foot candle was not enough and is not the industry standard for a smaller commercial site. Staff did more research and found that a range of 3-5 foot candles is recommended by the American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS) for retail uses. Other sources all tended to show that for most retail uses the 4-5 foot candle range is pretty typical. Planning and Zoning Commission Regular Meeting February 8, 2000 The proposed ordinance provides for an adequate amount of lighting, but restricts the lighting from going overboard. Some of the recent plans had lighting waivers that meet this future ordinance, including Publix and Best Buy. The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America is the group of experts that formulates these standards. Data was also used from The International Dark Sky Association regarding lighting ordinances to minimize the amount of unwarranted ambient light going up to the sky The proposed ordinance primarily address two issues: glare and level of light. Glare is the worst part of bad lighting. Different methods of glare control were described, including types and locations of fixtures, shields and bulbs. The proposed ordinance fills a gap while trying to create a balance, and is similar to sign control regulation. Overlighting makes it difficult to drive and creates glare and clutter. ' Retailers are now using bright lighting as a method of marketing to get attention ; ,Convenience stores, gas stations and car dealerships use lighting as marketing. The proposed ordinance standards are substantially less than what these retailers are used to but businesses with bright lights will have other businesses wanting to match them. The members asked various questions about roadside billboards, reflection glare, grandfathering of existing lighting, security cameras, energy conservation and average candle foot versus maximum candle foot measurements. The public hearing was opened. Fred Leonhardt of Gray, Harris &Robinson, P.A. appeared on behalf of the automobile industry for the Saturn dealership He stated that he had with him Jim Snyder, the executive manager of Saturn Retail; Riclgfeuerstein, contractor; Scott Gentry & Jack Hawkins, professional engineers; Jeff Hutchinson, Lighting Systems, Inc.; and James Johnson of Gray, Harris &Robinson, P.A. Mr. Leonhardt stated that they agree with the spirit of this ordinance and want to work with city. However, they do have a waiver application in and want to encourage a modest modification. He stated that an automobile dealership is unique in that they have 3 million dollars of inventory outdoors, and customers need light to study and examine the inventory. He stated that the 5 foot candle average is okay if time averaging is allowed, but that they are requesting 15 foot candles on 90% of the site and 65 foot candles on 10% of the site. Jeff Hutchinson of Lighting Systems, Inc., a lighting manufacturer. He stated that he and his company specialize in automotive lighting. Typically the front row lighting in automobile dealerships is in the 80-110 foot candles as a maximum and an average of 60-70 foot candles. The levels in the proposed ordinance are a little different from what he usually sees. 2 Planning and Zoning Commission Regular Meeting February 8, 2000 Mr. Hutchinson discussed types of outdoor fixtures, hot spots, and forward throw reflectors. He stated that the key is uniformity and adequate lighting to accomplish the task. He discussed maximum and average lighting and addressed questions about good and bad lighting. Jim Snyder spoke on behalf of Saturn. He stated that they close their stores at 9:00 p.m. and they reduce their lights after 11 p.m. He stated that the public is allowed to walk around in their parking lot after closing and that they have very little vandalism He stated that their pole height is 26 feet and the proposed ordinance allows for a maximum of 30 feet. Chairman Bond stated that this was not a waiver request for a site plan hearing, but a public hearing on the proposed ordinance and directed the meeting back to addressing the proposed ordinance only. In response to questions from the Board, Planning Director Wagner addressed the time averaging issue. He stated that the proposed ordinance does not allow time averaging or other alternate methods of light measurement to prevent elaborate calculations and to keep things simple. Jim Snyder stated that if time averaging is not allowed then Saturn is requesting 10 foot candle average and 65 foot candle maximum. There being no further comments from the audience, the public hearing was closed. A discussion ensued concerning glare approaching the site from the west. Vice-Chairman Switzer stated that the Good Homes/S.R. 50 intersection is already a dangerous intersection and lighting as proposed by Saturn will increase the danger of that intersection. He stated that he wants commercial development on S.R. 50 o have a nice appearance. The activity center ordinance and this proposed lighting ordinance will help achieve that and he supports the ordinance as written. Member Matthys asked about the grandfathering of Saturn's pending application. Assistant City Attorney Formella stated that they have a waiver pending. Planning Director Wagner stated that the current light ordinance is only 1 candle foot, which is lower than the proposed ordinance. He stated that staff supports a waiver up to the proposed ordinance's level and no higher. Planning Director Wagner also stated said that time averaging gets into complex calculations for average foot candles, but determining maximum foot candles is easy, staff just goes out with a light meter. He stated that although staff can see the validity of some bright light, Saturn's site will be 3-4 times brighter than anything else around it. Member Matthys then asked how this ordinance compares with ordinances in other jurisdictions. Planning Director Wagner replied that the City is on the cutting edge, since most other lighting ordinances in Florida address wildlife and turtles. The California and the Florida west coast ordinances deal with glare and light spillage. There are not a lot of ordinances that deal directly 3 4 Planning and Zoning Commission Regular Meeting February 8, 2000 with illuminance levels. The numbers for the proposed ordinance are taken directly from the recommendations of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. We are a pioneer in this area and Orange County is already requesting a copy of this proposed ordinance. Member Landefeld stated that the staff did an outstanding job on gathering data for this ordinance. He stated that he agrees with Harold regarding the Good Homes Road intersection and that the glare will make it worse. Member McKey thanked Saturn for their input. He stated that the new 7-11 in Clermont has terrible glare and that staff did a great job with this ordinance. Chairman Bond stated that she is concerned about lighting in shopping center parknigt ots and asked if the current lighting is sufficient. Planning Director Wagner stated that the mall has the lowest light in city at 1 foot candle average. New malls are now built with a 2 foot`t'andle standard, and the new Publix will be in the 4-5 foot candle range He*stated that the ordinance does not provide a minimum lighting requirement. Chairman Bond stated That should would like a minimum lighting standard, and a discussion ensued. There being no comments or further discussion by the Board„P Member Landefeld, seconded by Vice-Chairman Switzer, moved to recommend approval to the City Commission of the adoption of the proposed ordinance to upgrade the Site Lighting standards as recommended by staff. subject to establishing a minimum average of 1 foot candle as adequate lighting. Motion carried8-0. IV. OLD BUSINESS None V. OTHER BUSINESS Assistant City Attorney Formella read Member McNeil's conflict on Forest Ridge from the January 26, 2000 meeting into the record. Member Rhodus asked about the status of the clearing of the southeast corner of Clarke and Silver Star Roads. Planning Director Wagner stated that the subcontractor has already filed a tree mitigation replanting plan to replace the trees that were cleared out. A discussion ensued about the appearance of various schools in the County and the construction budgets for school 4 Planning and Zoning Commission Regular Meeting February 8, 2000 construction. VI. COMMENTS Member McKey asked about the tree trimming by Scotty's. Chairman Bond stated that the City Commission invited the Planning and Zoning Commission to attend the Joint Planning Area Agreement Workshop on March 1, 2000. She urged the other members to watch the Commission Meetings on Tuesday nights. She stated that she was not going to attend because at the last meeting the City Commission stated that members of the Planning and Zoning Commission were not going to be allowed to speak,at the workshop. Planning Director Wagner stated that in the past there were joint workshops and that the City Commission is reevaluating JPA. Member Matthys thanked the staff for their extensive research on the ordzmiammcef Member Miller asked about the work in progress-reportx A discussion ensued about future project and growth in the City. ADJOURNMENT The meeting was adjournecd.at 9 24 p m.- Marisa Dawson,Administrative Secretary Pat Bond, Chairman 5 • • The Orlando Sentinel,Thursday,February 24,2000 ♦ NOTICE OF AN AMENDMENT TO THE OCOEE. LAND DEVELOPMENT CODE The City Commission of the City of Ocoee proposes to adopt the following Ordinance: AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF OCOEE, FLORIDA RELATING TO LANDSCAPE DESIGN STANDARDS FOR SITE LIGHTING; AMENDING THE PROVISIONS OF THE OCOEE LAND DEVELOPMENT CODE, CHAP- TER 180 OF THE CODE OF ORDINANCES OF THE CITY OF OCOEE, FLORIDA BY REVISING SECTION 6- 14(C)(2)(i) OF ARTICLE VI (AS ADOPTED BY ORDI- NANCE NO. 99-23) RELATING TO SITE LIGHTING; PROVIDING FOR SEVERABILITY; PROVIDING AN EFFECTIVE DATE. The Ocoee City Commission will hold the first of two pub- lic hearings concerning the proposed Ordinance on Tuesday, March 7, 2000 at 7:15 p.m., or as soon thereafter as practical, and the second of two public hearings con • - cerning the proposed Ordinance on Tuesday, March 21, 2000 at 7:15 p.m., or as soon thereafter as practical, at the Ocoee City Commission Chambers, 150 North Lakeshore Drive, Ocoee, Florida. The City Commission may continue the public hearings to other dates and times as it deems necessary. Any interested party shall be advised that the dates, times, and places of any continuation of these or continued public hearings shall be announced during the hearing and that no further notices regarding these mat- ters will be published. A copy of the proposed Ordinance may be inspected by the public at the Ocoee Planning Department, 150 North Lakeshore Drive, Ocoee, Florida, between the hours of 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m., Monday through Friday, except legal holidays. Interested parties may appear at the public hearings and be heard with respect to the proposed Ordinance. This notice is given pursuant to Section 166.041 (3)(c), Florida Statutes. Any person wishing to appeal any decision made with respect to any matter considered at the public hearings may need a record of the proceeding and for this purpose may need to ensure that a verbatim record of the pro- ceedings is made which includes the testimony and evi- dence upon which the appeal is based. Persons with dis- abilities needing assistance to participate in any of the proceedings should contact the City Clerk's Office 48 hours in advance of the meeting at (407) 656-2322. g Jean Grafton,City Clerk Thursday,February 24,2000 and Thursday,March 9,2000 j City of Ocoee (Orlando Sentinel)