HomeMy WebLinkAboutVI(C) Second Reading Of Ordinance No. 2000-17, Design Standards For Site Lighting, Land Development Code Amendment Agenda 3-21-2uuu
Item VI C
"CENTER OF GOOD LIVING-PRIDE OF WEST ORANGE" ..MAYOR c COMMISSIONER
Ocoee
S.SCOTT VANDERGRIFT
o� �o CITY OF OCOEE COMMISSIONERS
r ` ' 150 N.LAKESHORE DRIVE DANNY HOWELL
" a SCOTT ANDERSON
C OCOEE,FLORIDA 34761-2258
��''� '•: �� (407)656-2322 RUSTY JOHNSON
y %° �� NANCY J.PARKER
��Of GOO• D�` CITY MANAGER
STAFF REPORT ELLIS SHAPIRO
DATE: February 24, 2000
TO: The Honorable Mayor and City Commissioners •
FROM: Russ Wagner, AICP, Director of Planning /
SUBJECT: Proposed Upgraded Site Lighting Standards
Ordinance No. 2000-17
ISSUE:
Should the Mayor and City Commissioners amend the a Land Development Code
pertaining to Site Lighting Standards?
BACKGROUND:
When the City enacted the upgraded Commercial and Industrial Development
Regulations as part of.the Ocoee Land Development Code, a section on Site Lighting
was added to protect adjoining roadways and neighboring properties from adverse glare
and intensity. Additionally, the regulations prescribed the general types of lighting
fixtures that could be utilized and created a design standard for color of fixtures (black)
as part of a unified site amenity package.
After utilizing these regulations for a short time, it has became apparent that a more
detailed, comprehensive approach to site lighting is needed to match standards and
practices generally accepted by national lighting industry experts. The upgraded
regulations proposed to be adopted are based upon extensive research of other site
lighting ordinances, industry guidelines, state requirements, and practical applications.
The regulations could go further to control minimum lighting standards, residential
lighting, street lighting, types of lighting fixtures / lamps and similar items; however, the
goal has been to keep the regulations relatively easy to administer since lighting design
can be technically complex.
DISCUSSION:
Research Information
The upgraded standards have been written to further control glare and the intensity of
site lighting. Quality of lighting is promoted vs. quantity. This approach to site lighting is
the latest design initiative being fostered by the Illuminating Engineering Society of
North America (IESNA). This organization of designers is composed of Professional
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Page 2
The Honorable Mayor and City Commissioners
February 24, 2000
Engineers within the lighting industry who specialize in all forms of site and building
lighting. The attached excerpt from the latest IESNA Recommended Practice
publication pertaining to Lighting for Exterior Environments formed the basis for most of
the proposed changes to the Land Development Code. As outlined in that publication,
effective lighting must take into account many factors, and a "more light is better"
approach is simply unwarranted.
In addition, to the IESNA information, we have also secured background data from The
International Dark Sky Association (TIDSA). This group, headquartered in Tucson,
Arizona, is a national clearinghouse for information pertaining to exterior lighting design.
In addition to our staff securing information on lighting ordinances in Florida (Naples,
Collier County, Marco Island, and Sanibel), TIDSA has provided a significant amount of
background material on lighting design (excerpt attached) plus site lighting ordinances
from around the country. As with most cutting-edge regulations, the State of California
leads the way in the number of communities which have adopted site lighting
regulations.
Control of Glare
Glare is caused primarily by unshielded light sources. Glare does nothing to improve
lighting quality, and instead, limits visual acuity. It is distracting by nature, and along a
roadway, can create a serious safety hazard. Excessive glare is indicative of inefficient
• site lighting design. It is wasteful of energy since much of the light is lost to the sky and
not directed to the ground or building where it is intended.
Within the upgraded regulations, glare is controlled by a variety of means, namely:
a. Limits on height of fixtures (30 ft.)
b. Luminaire Type (Full-cut off fixture head)
c. Lens type (Flush)
d. Shielding (Downward directed fixtures)
e. Encasement of lighting (Canister fixtures in canopies)
f. Elimination of flood lights and spot lights
The utilization of these design approaches will virtually eliminate the sources of glare
and direct lighting downward to maximize lighting efficiency. This approach also
minimizes the competition for attention which is so prevalent along strip commercial
areas. Similar to sign ordinances, which control the proliferation of more, bigger,
brighter, and flashier signs that become unreadable due to the massive clutter created;
the elimination of glare, when used as a purposeful attention-getting device, will
minimize the cumulative effect of businesses trying to outdo each other with excessive
site or building lighting.
Page 3
The Honorable Mayor and City Commissioners
February 24, 2000
Illuminance Levels
The other main goal of the upgraded regulations is to regulate the intensity of light which
is provided on a site. Again, as identified in the IESNA practices, the quality and
distribution of light is a much more important feature of site design than pure quantity of
light provided. The primary purpose of site lighting is to provide adequate illumination
for operational and safety purposes. Once these criteria are met, any further lighting is
unnecessary and wasted. As a practical matter, the need to regulate "minimum" lighting
levels within new developments is largely unnecessary, since owner liability and security
issues dictate the provision of a reasonable amount of light within parking lots and at
building entrances. Conversely, the "more is better" approach to lighting design requires
regulation to ensure that a site is not over-illuminated and turned into a flashy,
merchandizing device which all other businesses feel compelled to compete with.
As stipulated within the upgraded regulations, both average and maximum illuminance
levels have been identified for a range of commercial, industrial, office, service, and
specialty uses based upon IESNA and industry standards. The levels apply to all
developed portions of the site, are measured at ground level, and allow for a .75
maintenance factor which recognizes that the efficiency of the lights diminishes over
time. The lighting levels vary with the type of use and the relative need for a specific
level of lighting needed for safety purposes and to conduct business. The minimum
- average illuminance level will meet State Statutes for convenience business security
(attached) and the practical design average (4-5 foot-candles) meets the
recommendations of the American Society for Industrial Security (attached) pertaining to
retail users. The maximum illluminance levels stipulated in the regulations are more
than adequate to safely light- building entryways and provide enough light for the
operation of color security cameras. Even so, the new regulations make provision for
lighting levels to exceed those stipulated if required by State Statute or unique
circumstances.
In general, the lighting levels permitted for the majority of commercial and industrial
uses should not cause much concern by those users. The City has recently approved
(via waivers) site plans for West Oaks Towne Center (Best Buy) and Silver Crossings
(Publix) which conform to the proposed regulations. Additionally, Hudson's Furniture
Store and West Oaks Square (across from the mall) met the existing 1.00 average foot
candle requirement. Based upon preliminary discussions, even the Super Wal-Mart
designers have indicated that they can easily design their site to meet the upgraded
regulations.
The users which are expected to argue against the proposed standards are primarily
convenience stores, gas stations, and car dealerships. Even though the upgraded
regulations provide significantly higher illuminance levels for these users based upon
IESN standards, the gas station and auto sales industry have begun a concerted effort in
the last several years to utilize extreme lighting for marketing purposes (see attached
PetroMart business excerpt). As pointed out in this article, merchandising "...pushes
Page 4
The Honorable Mayor and City Commissioners
February 24, 2000
lighting to the highest levels. The goals here are to create an eye-catching image that
will draw customers to the property". The article goes.on to indicate that task and
security lighting get the job done, but that "competition dictates a strategy—stations
need something to help them jump out and attract passing cars". Thus, the extra high
illumanance levels being promoted by the gas station industry are not for safety reasons,
but rather for marketing reasons only. Similarly, the auto dealers do not need to worry
about a safe environment, they simply desire a greater amount of attention being
brought to their site. The amount of light necessary to adequately inspect a vehicle for
sale outdoors is easily met by the upgraded lighting standards. As previously
mentioned, such competition for attention using extreme light levels only serves to
encourage further competition by other commercial users and ultimately creates a safety
hazard for motorists in addition to an unsightly visual environment.
Summary
Staff has attempted to craft a set of regulations that balance the interests of the
community by promoting a pleasing visual environment while also ensuring that the
safety and identification needs.of businesses located within the City are met. The
upgraded regulations are an important component of those standards established to
ensure quality commercial and industrial development within Ocoee. In order to better
understand the relative nature of these proposed lighting levels to real world
installations, we have included a list of local business sites with light level readings
taken within the past several days. Staff believes that after consideration of all of the
materials and information presented, the adoption of the proposed standards will benefit
the citizens of the community and continue to place the City at the forefront of quality
community development practices.
PLANNING AND ZONING COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION:
At their regular meeting on February 8, 2000, the Planning and Zoning Commission held
a Public Hearing to consider the proposed upgraded.Site Lighting Standards. (See
attached draft minutes) The Planning and Zoning members were very interested in the
proposed regulations and asked numerous questions related to lighting of signs,
reflected glare, grandfathering of existing lighting, security cameras, energy
conservation, average vs. maximum foot candles, and roadway safety.
The only public comments were from representatives of Saturn who requested that the
proposed standards related to auto dealerships be liberalized to benefit outside sales.
There were numerous questions from the Planning and Zoning Commission related to
the Saturn position; however, some members felt strongly that traffic safety along State
Road 50 was of paramount importance and that too much light could be a hazard. The
need for minimum lighting levels for safety purposes was also discussed, and there was
general consensus that this should be added to the regulations. In general, the Planning
and Zoning Commission was highly supportive of the upgraded regulations and thought
Page 5
The Honorable Mayor and City Commissioners
February 24, 2000
they were well researched. Based upon the foregoing,. the Planning and Zoning
Commission voted unanimously to,recommend approval of the proposed ordinance to
upgrade Site Lighting Standards as recommended by Staff, subject to -establishing a
minimum average of one (1) footcandle of illumination for•safety purposes.
STAFF RECOMMENDATION:
Based upon the foregoing report and the recommendation of the Planning and Zoning
Commission, Staff respectfully recommends that the Mayor and City Commissioners
adopt Ordinance No. 2000-17 to upgrade the Site Lighting Standards within the Land
Development Code together with the following amendment:
(x) For safety and security reasons, a minimum average of 1.0 footcandle of illumination
shall be maintained over the developed portion of a site during normal business hours.
RBW/csa
Attachments: Ordinance—Blackline and clean copy
IESNA Recommended Practice
The International Dark-Sky Association literature
Florida Statues 1997—Chapter 812.173
American Society for Industrial Security article
PetroMart business article
List of local lighting levels
Draft Minutes of Planning and Zoning Commission Meeting of Tuesday,February 8,2000
Public Hearing Notice
O:\CALEXANDER\ALL_DATA\CAPDFILE\Staff Reports\2000CCSR\SR00034.doc
:1RAFT
ORDINANCE NO. -
AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF OCOEE, FLORIDA
RELATING TO LANDSCAPE DESIGN STANDARDS FOR
SITE LIGHTING; AMENDING THE PROVISIONS OF THE
OCOEE LAND DEVELOPMENT CODE, CHAPTER 180 OF
THE CODE OF ORDINANCES OF THE CITY OF OCOEE,
FLORIDA BY REVISING SECTION 6-14(C)(2)(i) OF
ARTICLE VI (AS ADOPTED BY ORDINANCE NO. 99-23)
RELATING TO SITE LIGHTING; PROVIDING FOR
SEVERABILITY;PROVIDING AN EFFECTIVE DATE.
WHEREAS, the City Commission of the City of Ocoee desires to minimize
glare, light pollution and light trespass and improve the overall quality of site lighting within
professional office, service, commercial, and industrial zoning districts and within all property
approved for professional office, service, commercial, and industrial uses within Planned Unit
Development zoning districts; and
WHEREAS, the City Commission desires to revise the Landscape Design
Standards relating to site lighting to effectuate these changes.
NOW, THEREFORE,BE IT ENACTED BY THE CITY COMMISSION OF
THE CITY OF OCOEE, FLORIDA, AS FOLLOWS:
SECTION 1. Authority. The City Commission of the City of Ocoee
has the authority to adopt this Ordinance pursuant to Article VIII of the Constitution of the
State of Florida and Chapter 166, Florida Statutes.
DRAFT
SECTION 2. Section 6-14(c)(2)(i) of Article VI of Chapter 180 of the
Code of Ordinances is hereby amended to read as follows (with additions underlined and
deletions stricken):
2. Landscape Design Standards
i. Site Lighting
(i) Parking-let Llighting standafds poles and fixtures shall be decorative in
nature, metal, painted black, and not exceed 30 feet in height, and They, shall
be equipped in sueli a manner as to promote quality versus quantity of lighting.
to screen out horizontal glare, and to eliminate spillover onto adjacent tracts.
(see Figure 12). Site met lighting shall not exceed an average of 1.00
foot .candler, candle in intensity over the entire lot at any property boundary
adjoining a residential use.
• (ii) Decorative lighting shall be provided along walkway connections and within
pedestrian areas where parking lot lighting is
inadequate to provide sufficient illumination. Lighting Lamp pests poles and
fixtures shall be metal, painted black to match parking lot fixtures, and-sheuld
not exceed 12 feet in height:. and be equipped with shielded or full-cutoff
luminaires incorporating flush-mounted lenses. (see Figure 12) Decorative low
light walkway bollards may also be permitted where appropriate.
(iii) Site lighting shall not incorporate spot or flood-light fixtures mounted on
building walls„-Of roofs, or poles.
(iv)Lighting of on-site buildings shall be limited to shielded wall-washer type
fixtures or down up-lights which do not produce spillover lighting—or night-sky
pollution.
(v) Lighting at building entrances may exceed 1.00 foot candle in allowable
standards of intensity for safety purposeser upon demonstration to the
City that compliance with this subsection will create a public safety hazard and
that special and unique conditions exist requiring additional lighting at building
entrances: provided, however, that such lights shall be directed downward to
minimize spillover lighting and glare.
(vi) Lighting fixtures located under porte-cocheres, service station canopies or
similar structures shall be totally enclosed within the structure and utilize flush-
mounted or recessed lenses to direct lighting downward to prevent any visible
glare to surrounding properties., adjoining roadways,, parking areas or
walkways.
DRAFT
(vii)All site lighting shall be designed to minimize glare, light pollution and
light trespass while promoting high visual acuity in accordance with
recommended practices as contained in Publication RP-33-99 of the Illuminating
Engineering Society of North America. All lighting fixtures shall be equipped
with shielded or full-cutoff luminaires incorporating flush-mounted lenses.
(viii)All site lighting within parking, pedestrian, landscape, service and
driveway areas of the uses listed below shall not exceed the following
illuminance levels recommended by the Illuminating Engineering Society of
America utilizing a maximum .75 combined maintenance factor:
Average Illuminance Maximum Illuminance
in Foot Candles on in Foot Candles on
Ground Ground
Enclosed Shopping Malls 2 7
Office, Service, and Industrial Uses 2 7
Commercial Uses and Shopping Centers 2_5 7.5
Convenience Stores and Service Stations 3.5 10
Auto and Boat Dealerships 5 15
Illuminance levels shall be computed over developed portions of each site only
and shall not factor in enclosed building pad areas or retention pond areas lying
outside required landscape buffers. Time-averaged or other alternative methods
of computing illuminance levels shall not be permitted.
(ix)Lighting may exceed allowable standards of intensity to the extent necessary
to comply with (a) Section 655.92, Florida Statutes, related to automated teller
machine lighting, (b) Section 812.173, Florida Statues, related to lighted
parking lots for convenience businesses, and (c) provisions of Florida law, if
any, establishing minimum lighting standards in conflict with this subsection on
site lighting.
SECTION 3. Severability. If any section, subsection, sentence, clause,
phrase or portion of this Ordinance is for any reason held invalid or unconstitutional by any
court of competent jurisdiction, such portion shall be deemed a separate, distinct and
independent provision and such holding shall not affect the validity of the remaining portion
hereto.
Ontlfc
SECTION 4. Effective Date. This Ordinance shall become effective
immediately upon passage and adoption.
PASSED AND ADOPTED this day of , •
APPROVED:
ATTEST: CITY OF OCOEE, FLORIDA
Jean Grafton, City Clerk S. Scott Vandergrift,Mayor
(SEAL)
ADVERTISED ,
READ FIRST TIME ,
READ SECOND TIME AND ADOPTED
UNDER AGENDA ITEM NO.
FOR USE AND RELIANCE ONLY BY
THE CITY OF OCOEE, FLORIDA.
APPROVED AS TO FORM AND LEGALITY
this day of , .
FOLEY & LARDNER
By:
City Attorney
O:\CALEXANDER\ALL DATA\CAPDFILE\FORMS\200cFORMS\forms00003a.doc
DRAFT
ORDINANCE NO. -
AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF OCOEE, FLORIDA
RELATING TO LANDSCAPE DESIGN STANDARDS FOR
SITE LIGHTING; AMENDING THE PROVISIONS OF THE
OCOEE LAND DEVELOPMENT CODE, CHAPTER 180 OF
THE CODE OF ORDINANCES OF THE CITY OF OCOEE,
FLORIDA BY REVISING SECTION 6-14(C)(2)(i) OF
ARTICLE VI (AS ADOPTED BY ORDINANCE NO. 99-23)
RELATING TO SITE LIGHTING; PROVIDING FOR
SEVERABILITY;PROVIDING AN EFFECTIVE DATE.
WHEREAS, the City Commission of the City of Ocoee desires to minimize
glare, light pollution and light trespass and improve the overall quality of site lighting within
professional office, service, commercial, and industrial zoning districts and within all property
approved for professional office, service, commercial, and industrial uses within Planned Unit
Development zoning districts; and
WHEREAS, the City Commission desires to revise the Landscape Design
Standards relating to site lighting to effectuate these changes.
NOW, THEREFORE,BE IT ENACTED BY THE CITY COMMISSION OF
THE CITY OF OCOEE, FLORIDA, AS FOLLOWS:
SECTION 1. Authority. The City Commission of the City of Ocoee
has the authority to adopt this Ordinance pursuant to Article VIII of the Constitution of the
State of Florida and Chapter 166, Florida Statutes.
SECTION 2. Section 6-14(c)(2)(i) of Article VI of Chapter 180 of the
Code of Ordinances is hereby amended to read as follows:
2. Landscape Design Standards
i. Site Lighting
(i) Lighting poles and fixtures shall be decorative in nature, metal, painted
black, and not exceed 30 feet in height. They shall be equipped in a manner to
promote quality versus quantity of lighting, to screen out horizontal glare, and
to eliminate spillover onto adjacent tracts. (see Figure 12). Site lighting shall
not exceed 1.00 foot candle in intensity at any property boundary adjoining a
residential use.
(ii) Decorative lighting shall be provided along walkway connections and within
pedestrian areas where parking lot lighting is inadequate to provide sufficient
illumination. Lighting poles and fixtures shall be metal, painted black to match
parking lot fixtures, not exceed 12 feet in height, and be equipped with shielded
or full-cutoff luminaires incorporating flush-mounted lenses. (see Figure 12)
Decorative low light walkway bollards may also be permitted where
appropriate.
(iii) Site lighting shall not incorporate spot or flood-light fixtures mounted on
building walls, roofs, or poles.
(iv)Lighting of on-site buildings shall be limited to shielded wall-washer type
fixtures or down lights which do not produce spillover lighting or night-sky
pollution.
(v) Lighting at building entrances may exceed allowable standards of intensity
for safety purposes upon demonstration to the City that compliance with this
subsection will create a public safety hazard and that special and unique
conditions exist requiring additional lighting at building entrances; provided,
however, that such lights shall be directed downward to minimize spillover
lighting and glare.
(vi)Lighting fixtures located under porte-cocheres, service station canopies or
similar structures shall be totally enclosed within the structure and utilize flush-
mounted or recessed lenses to direct lighting downward to prevent any visible
glare to surrounding properties, adjoining roadways-, parking areas or
walkways.
(vii)All site lighting shall be designed to minimize glare, light pollution and
light trespass while promoting high visual acuity in accordance with
Bet:IFT
recommended practices as contained in Publication RP-33-99 of the Illuminating
Engineering Society of North America. All lighting fixtures shall be equipped
with shielded or full-cutoff luminaires incorporating flush-mounted lenses.
(viii)All site lighting within parking, pedestrian, landscape, service and
driveway areas of the uses listed below shall .not exceed the following
illuminance levels recommended by the Illuminating Engineering Society of
America utilizing a maximum .75 combined maintenance factor:
Average Illuminance Maximum Illuminance
in Foot Candles on in Foot Candles on
Ground Ground
Enclosed Shopping Malls 2 7
Office, Service, and Industrial Uses 2 7
Commercial Uses and Shopping Centers 2.5 7.5
Convenience Stores and Service Stations 3.5 10
Auto and Boat Dealerships 5 15
Illuminance levels shall be computed over developed portions of each site only
and shall not factor in enclosed building pad areas or retention pond areas lying
outside required landscape buffers. Time-averaged or other alternative methods
of computing illuminance levels shall not be permitted.
(ix) Lighting may exceed allowable standards of intensity to the extent necessary
to comply with (a) Section 655.92, Florida Statutes, related to automated teller
machine lighting, (b) Section 812.173, Florida Statues, related to lighted
parking lots for convenience businesses, and (c) provisions of Florida law, if
any, establishing minimum lighting standards in conflict with this subsection on
site lighting.
SECTION 3. . Severability. If any section, subsection, sentence, clause,
phrase or portion of this Ordinance is for any reason held invalid or unconstitutional by any
court of competent jurisdiction, such portion shall be deemed a separate, distinct and
independent provision and such holding shall not affect the validity of the remaining portion
hereto.
DRAFT
SECTION 4. Effective Date. This Ordinance shall become effective
immediately upon passage and adoption.
PASSED AND ADOPTED this day of , •
APPROVED:
ATTEST: CITY OF OCOEE, FLORIDA
Jean Grafton, City Clerk S. Scott Vandergrift,Mayor
(SEAL)
ADVERTISED ,
READ FIRST TIME ,
READ SECOND TIME AND ADOPTED
UNDER AGENDA ITEM NO.
FOR USE AND RELIANCE ONLY BY
THE CITY OF OCOEE, FLORIDA.
APPROVED AS TO FORM AND LEGALITY
this_day of , •
FOLEY & LARDNER
By:
City Attorney
O:\CALEXANDER\ALL DATA\CAPDFILE\FORMS\2000 FORMS\forms00003b.doc
IESNA RP-33-99
Lighting for Exterior Environments needs while being responsive to the need for
an IESNA Recommended Practice quality exterior lighting. There are a number of other
Recommended Practices (RPs) that provide design
guidelines for specific outdoor lighting applications.
1.0 INTRODUCTION This document is not intended to supersede these
other applicable RPs. Rather, it will link the various
RPs together, augmenting them in subject areas not
Lighting for the outdoor environment is different than otherwise covered. It will also aid in the establish-
lighting an interior space. These differences present meet of community themes and area classifications.
certain challenges not usually found in interior lighting.
Outdoors, the universal standard is the daytime sun, 2.0 VISUAL ISSUES
yet night time electric lighting falls far short of daylight
in numerous ways: •
• Electric lights cannot light the sky as the sun does, The issues surrounding outdoor lighting are complex.
therefore the night time "ceiling" is always dark, Some of the technical factors that need to be consi-
resulting in extreme contrasts compared with any dered when designing and evaluating an exterior
light or lighted surface. lighting system include glare, luminance,visual acuity,
and illuminance,
• No single man-made light source is as powerful as
the sun, therefore numerous, smaller, close-by 2.1 Glare
sources must be used. They can contribute to
various forms of glare and thus impede "seeing" Glare can be disabling, discomforting, and/or simply
the surfaces of interest. a nuisance (see Figure 1).
• At low light levels the eye works differently than at Disability glare(veiling luminance) is caused by stray
high light levels. Low light level receptors have light scattered within the eye, which reduces the con-
highly specific requirements to detect, identify, trast of the primary image on the retina. This contrast
and process the visual cues the brain needs to reduction can be thought of as a "veil" of luminance
"see" and permit normal function. over the objects, thus the term veiling luminance.
.Glare from streetlights, pedestrian lights, floodlights,
• People encounter different emotions related to and landscape lights all contribute to veiling lumi-
the night environment. Viewing dramatic nance, as do extremely bright surfaces.
scenery, sporting events, outdoor entertainment,
and even feelings about personal security all Discomfort glare does not necessarily reduce the
have a personal impact that is largely controlled ability to see an object (as is the case with disability
by lighting quality. glare), but it produces a sensation of discomfort. It is
caused by high contrast or a non-uniform distribution
• Since the night scene provides minimal light of luminance in the field of view. Discomfort glare
boundaries, outdoor lighting can be "seen" at can be reduced by decreasing the luminance of
great distances. Night time visual clutter can be the light source, or by increasing the background
disturbing. luminance around the source.
•
• Night time tasks, such as playing sports or driving Nuisance or annoyance glare has not been quanti-
automobiles, have very specific lighting require- fled, though research is ongoing. For now it may be
ments so people can perform these tasks safely defined as glare that causes complaints, such as the
and precisely, "light shining in my window phenomenon.
• There is an expectation(or need)to control the light 2.2 Luminance
added to the outdoor environment. Some people
want the dark for sleeping, star gazing, or privacy. Applied to outdoor lighting, luminance relates to the
When this need for darkness conflicts with other quantity of light reflected or emitted toward an
people's need for light,the control of light becomes observer. Luminance is what an observer sees,
critical, resulting in ordinances and bylaws. whether it is the light reflected from a wall (surface
luminance)or the light coming directly from a luminaire
This Recommended Practice will provide guidance (luminaire luminance).Surface luminance and luminaire
in dealing with the preceding design considerations, luminance both affect an observer's reaction to the out-
allowing electric lighting systems to solve multiple door environment.
i
IESNA RP-33-99
'Alt it . J. i,`
0 ;r;r i cc,
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P ,, fi t 4 -" A�40k`s' Q//+ p m h .
$` "' ' �0` �a a _ M' tF'.- Figure 1. Wet roadway
1 ,„.� d t s =, ;` surfaces, reflecting light from
-, ,n i7 M ' `'ff` � , „ t-t `; .. streetlights and oncoming
3„ i- ,� T-ik , ,�` }.� ''r'N traffic, will produce glare that
r
, t ., �, ao, f} '4.-P.rf;, can make night time driving
'. . I' '1 .: 4 " 1;'. ' .. difficult and possibly
' , a t ` . f.. 3 1,1' • ' ,t treacherous, (Courtesy of
' i ilt 7 1' p ', L the International Dark Sky
y fir {� r �* Wf:
Association)
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`F S' ,
• r`�•'A bi 4.J',y +F
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Lighted outdoor horizontal surfaces such as road- perceived by the cones. This vision is general-
ways, bike paths, sidewalks, and parking lots exhibit ly associated with adaptation to a luminance >_ 3
. horizontal surface luminance. Lighted outdoor vertical cd/m2 (>_ 0.3 cd/ft.2).
surfaces such as people's faces and bodies, building
facades, structures, statues, and landscape features Scotopic Vision is the human eye's response at
such as trees exhibit vertical surface luminance. very low light levels such as moonlight. At these
Surface luminance of all types adds interest and levels, the rods account for the majority of vision.
depth to outdoor scenes and is necessary for good Stimuli from the rods are also responsible for
visibility and security (see Figure 2). The proper peripheral vision, with everything appearing in
lighting of surfaces is the foundation of a good quality black, white, and gray. This vision is generally
lighting design. associated with adaptation to a luminance S 0.001
cd/m2 (5_0.0001 cd/ft.2).
Luminaire luminance is derived from the light-emitting
portion of the luminaire's lamp, reflector, refractor,
and/or louver. In order to minimize glare and provide •
a pleasant environment, luminaire luminance in the
normal field of view should be avoided. It is important ;
to see the effect of lighting and to minimize the appea-
rance of the source. Refer to Section 3.5 for a further r
discussion of luminaire luminance and how people i,
subjectively respond to luminance. This subjective , „i, , li
response is termed "brightness." 1`��v ;r,)+*41 ,A,
p., '• r ,
2.3 Visual Acuity .fr it'Z r 'A , ,1.;1 41,, ,
In exterior environments, the human eyes processes s 's•: -4Ah • .•
of visual adaptation and recognition operate in ,I. .:,i, ,
three categories of vision: Photopic, Scotopic, and - ;� ..,"li �`"�,,-,�• ':
Mesopic. These vision categories are defined withy� . Fr :•^.=
reference to the adaptive state of the rod and cone r :,a ;tz',, ,, ,i} '
photoreceptors. 4, T: - ,.
Photopic Vision is the human• eye's response at , r'. � ,
high light levels whereby the cones account for '�-
the majority of vision. The cones are also
responsible for foveal vision, the central area . Figure 2.The lighting design for this church in
where the eye focuses on objects. Color is also Cleveland, OH uses varied surface brightness to
add interest and depth. (Courtesy of GE Lighting)
IESNA RP-33-99
ra , . • _ • sources on brightness perception should not be con-
". _, fused with color rendering tasks or with color naming.*
:t a
,t ,, 1 When selecting exterior environment light sources, the
, 4 " light source chosen must be appropriate to the applica-
. O • `W1 .51 : ,. r i 1 � `�• t; tion. HPS is a more efficacious source than metal halide
f � � rW N; �rRw F� „�� °�' r• for on-axis foveal tasks (where acuity is important) and
e i r '� for luminances of approximately 1.0 cd/m2(0.09 cd/ft.2)
�N F ` "* � ,y]p or more. However, objects seen under metal halide or
�, rf ��, :� r� `r white light sources will appear slightly 'clearer than
v4,1;,dyMFr:- ,h Y x.Y.. :Lyd 'S' rf1 �`ANY,".�+., ,A"",i'` iJ,,, 1 under HPS for the same luminance. White light
., ,r�' ;` sources are also better for color identification. Metal
: halide or other white light sources should be considered
I whenever off-axis vision is required, especially at
u ^yl - .,1%,:., `~ F ., luminance levels of 0.3 cd/m2(0.03 cd/ft.2)or less.2
f� ti e- X , 14 j •I.c'nl F.-
` ,�"'` �4411st,.e a,,, i rt - y� 2.4 Illuminance
' . , i s r r •s- },
,,.. + „„wr, , . ! Illuminance is a measure of incident light (in lux or
k'Y "E-'=r-^'gtatw+,,4,,4 ei ;a c n PN v�' t'.r °�' e s i, s t r d 'ate—
�, ra'r=-UF " � . 1,,, t x„ `" err t footcandles); technicallydescribed as flux density
ri} •r per unit area. Refer to Section 5.2 for a discussion on
' 1?° , ,, , wi,,!a `°i`" r how illuminance plays a role in determining light
3 �"�" ;�" � 7 k� trespass potential.
:3 y,An {`iM ram!` T r ,+ ��'.�,.:st ya,N!p�k} �.;,y�
NaL vt '@'�" .� ,yyr e P #",eS t,r r L' ikw ".
•P ,4'Kik s `i-4#i i-Y,r Jar t.3't`a•{,4 q . .y ,•rt �F r',�,5
ibay. f r{ F 7.. '1 x. r w C MI fr.4. .,- k[ fl fkit,:1
,'.� .i /e,, ,,�. , °fr�k �,n 3.0 COMMUNITY RESPONSIVE DESIGN
°"TM Traditionally, street lighting has been the basic
Figure 3.The height and location of poles contributes component of public lighting. In urban settings, it is
to the hierarchy of exterior lighting equipment along the street lighting, along with traffic signals and signs,
this street in Kansas City, MO. (Courtesy of Kansas that organizes and defines the visual environment at
City Power& Light. Photographer: Rick McKibben) night. The quality of this visual information is critical
for both traffic safety and for a pedestrian's sense of
Mesopic Vision (combination of Scotopic and security. (Note: Lighting for safety involves ensuring
Photopic Vision)occurs under the majority of exterior proper level of illumination to provide safe working
night lighting conditions. Both the rods and the conditions, safe passage, and the identification of
cones contribute to the visual response. This vision any hazards indoors or outdoors. Lighting for security
is generally associated with adaptation to a lumi- is exterior lighting installed solely to enhance the security
nance between 3 and 0.001 cd/m2 (0.3 and 0.0001 of people and property.3)
cd/ft.2). Exterior lighting design should take into
account the prevalence of mesopic conditions.When A quality public lighting system helps define a
clarity, depth-of-field, and peripheral detection are positive urban character and image. This system
important,then a light source rich in short wavelength may include lighting for streets, roadways,
(blue and green) light should be used. Current sidewalks, pedestrian malls, pathways, bikeways,
research' indicates that less light is required with a parks, monuments, buildings, structures, statues,
light source rich in green and blue components fountains,and landscapes. A hierarchy of public lighting
(metal halide, fluorescent), relative to a light source connotes the relative importance and character of
with few green and blue components, for an equiva- city-scapes and enhances their information-giving
lent peripheral mesopic response. value. The height and location of poles, and the size
and shape of equipment all contribute to the lighting
Sources of different spectral composition that affect hierarchy (see Figure 3). Source color is usually
the eye equally at 3 cd/m2 (0.03.cd/ft.2) and above important too.
may not affect the eye equally when those same
sources are used at lower adaptation levels. This Special features and amenities of urban environ-
includes color matching, off-axis reaction time, and ments should be lighted to reveal their importance.
brightness perception. The spectral sensitivity of the
eye and the effects of the spectral composition of light *From"Vision at Low Light Levels"Symposium May 19,1998 through
May 21, 1998,EPRI LRO/TAC May 22, 1998.
0
IESNA RP-33-99
�� 1 s Y.>, fir -' U, }'7S i4.1 �.'+. �`' , y J 1 p v
i.u, v\,..y\Qi �� ti 1 9e a \ "` L,,,, aOC�'iia," y 1 y kr rd' r, a , '1i .I
r. , !.1`fin_tr\.( ;- ._a. Lx..Sl j 1r11;n A_i '(` 41.4 t
a,� ,�'a1�;",�ti'+`,t�''i�[< s ',y i , u ,,i.�i4 i 'p Sk ' v
;N m' 9liyk "4X r ° Ta`:4gCwr -Jcak ,?, .,. :"&,} attlly G' , f
33:tx h yy,�q�,� i�,, 6 4
w�- �*;..a'-•k } 't,'^T � . 5 Yl F c+ a 1 1._,�r, 4 f�Y,'o%.,; ,R�.,t ! _
'-'L+ t Y-7.` "3 i + .r—,✓ ,0 4 `dry .' W I a
+�ei'�Sl+", •'..'.• ��•a�t :"34'•'+ti(a +..., !`�i1[•','h•. t�t['1,•y\ c., •., r.
1�•
��ti y` b♦ ,x Zs r �.a�W�4�I! uv�c#R7F.'�;� !, �� i 1 �' ' �
K 2(. t N L i�*:4 11''. P J '� �
.,,,,t,:„..,,,,,,,,,:„,,.4..,,,,,
.*-Essig•. '
VTJ
Yi.OtY1tab W. _..,,. .. .... .I T,.,1,tme,-*, 'Ike:i.. _ „m q..77' a
AL- A.. 4fL, ••r:¢'�NM"TM.R '4 2!• e L t �,., '. `>M rt
::::
r A d z -40,IPV^sky7541�Jl Air. .1� -�l , d - krt
4tM�Lit" +sNTAq'Y71'!�.Sin'' 'f �„ay, k4 [-1 wktir�.6..lemi)?71 :: ::::4'0' ? -:"47,;.,+ ;.%.7: ',i1'A; '
I ' ��" � t y y�Sa r X5 ;.�k- 4 '�y:?"•'�y' ���.i.» �s-
9 .r'.z' a 'l{i F t [ .�1 d \r PAN i {z- k 1' = 4 +1
"E .'T, cr °yM ='.."� .`.F. ,t mil\ i is F 7, . . . _,
Figure 4. Outdoor lighting should be uncluttered and well-integrated as demonstrated in this streetscape both
during the day (left) and at night(right). (Courtesy of Michael Mutmansky)
Here,the use of buildings and monuments as markers The following hierarchy of goals has been chosen for
or reference points is important for clarity and visual discussion in this Practice:
orientation. Urban landscape elements are also a
great municipal asset. These features, when properly • Safety- pedestrian
illuminated, may act as visual anchors or serve as • Safety-vehicular
"points of arrival" for neighborhood residents. ' • Security
Consistency and coordination applied to lighting • Crime prevention
special features will strengthen a public lighting • Public vs. private lighting partnerships
design and can improve the sense of community. • Light pollution sensitivity
• Light trespass issues
The streetscape or pedestrian spaces should appear • Equipment location
consistent with the community theme, be permanent, • Economics
and well integrated. The visual image is just as impor- • Color recognition
tant during the night as during the day(see Figure 4).
3.2 Determine a Community Theme
Quality outdoor lighting should communicate visual
order, orientation, and urban character. Even the Common themes in architecture and lighting
placement. of equipment should help determine equipment can help communities or special dis-
much of the environment's visual character after tricts establish unique identities. The community
dark. The following eight steps(Sections 3.1 to 3.8) theme can also help establish methods of
comprise an effective community response design approach for meeting the lighting needs of the
process for implementing a public lighting system. community based on the levels of both vehicular
and pedestrian activity. The types of equipment
3.1 Determine Community Lighting Goals selected can reinforce the sense of activity and
excitement in an entertainment and shopping dis-
The prioritization of community goals will help define trict, maintain the character of an historic neigh-
the requirements of the outdoor lighting system. borhood, or simply provide quality lighting in a
Commercial, residential, and transition areas are residential development with a minimum of visual
some examples where goals need to be established. clutter. Scale, detailing, light source color, and
If security and crime prevention are major issues,then the apparent brightness of light sources are some
luminance'ratios between adjacent areas should be of the lighting system components that help bring
minimal (e.g., less than 10:1) and the light sources a consistent overall character and balance to a
selected should have light contribution in the blue and community (see Figure 5).
green range (e.g., metal halide, fluorescent).
a
IESNA RP-33-99
,i, ' z . r 0 Q P x: and parking areas, and lighting on nearby architecture.
sf ,I}z,' ` , Id s,,. '� , t' 'r� With careful coordination of such issues as decorative
' 'gilt I `" 4iyA .; t; ,,,, detailing, light source color(s), and luminaire bright-
'� '� w., .p -1 v N,,r t *h <,,A ,, 4;t nesses, these disparate elements can combine to
-,+ ry ti«sti�t r
- , t',, ^" ,�' ,�4,: ,� . u '.T_ +`� x��a ;�i rovide a visual identit for the area.
I, x�� !i 44i N`� a +�1� a 11�4 , 1t G{, s. a,
"y ologi.i :,ri�a''^jtj iirV , ' ,i-, , 3 In developing lighting guidelines and to establish and
`i fr r promote a community theme, the following list men-
!' '�►(E :. ° - . tions just some of the issues that should considered:
1 `• I %, iN i i i ,x� j i541- •- • Establishing roadway classifications for activity
if
g, j #'1 n Nrw,N `f,342", vie : � levels based on the definitions provided in
I �J111 �b1'�{ y�
: ,i `I LOIN Cj l le , [i
b • �� '�t�, ,rrlovirma.Mhmq ■i ,�� r C RP-8 American National Standard Practice for
4 � z5-1 Roadway Lighting (commercial, intermediate,
,i 1 IAi. f:4i .i ) x .r� t
I i and residential)
Y.1 44., a'�; t ,,,» , 1 ,. �q k,�. Establish maximum and minimum li hting levels
i ,_�_ a for parking areas within the community or district
t i.• �, aaa �t� _, (see RP-20-98 Lighting for Parking Facilities)
'. t �' -4>,*� .- d P:r • Reviewing adjacent areas for possibly conflicting uses
• Reviewing community concerns on light trespass
�t'- '. -� v -. and pollution
+s, ' 7.,, �'+ � • Reviewing local lighting ordinances and bylaws
• Reviewing the scale and detailing of possible
Figure 5. Pole mounted "Lantern-style" luminaires
help create a turn-of-the-century theme for this street, lighting equipment for its daytime and night time
which is home to numerous upscale businesses
appearance
and retail stores. (Courtesy of OSRAM SYLVANIA) •
Reviewing light sources that will (or will not) be
acceptable
For example, a rural mountain community may wish 3.3 Develop a "Family" of Luminaires
to limit the height, visibility, and brightness of lighting
equipment to minimize light pollution and light tres- The luminaire families should include products that I
pass. This will help maintain a sense of quiet solitude illustrate thematic styles,with equipment colors and pole ,
in the wilderness where few cars and pedestrians heights as applicable for roadways, parking lots, and
can be expected. In contrast, the high volume of pedestrian areas(see Figure 6). The main issues are:
traffic and pedestrians in a retail entertainment
district require higher light levels and brightnesses • Luminaire styles(contemporary, historic, transitional,
for both safety and security. To meet this higher lighting or some combination)
criteria, several different types of lighting equipment • Hierarchy of luminaires (major roadway, minor
can be used: human-scale poles with "visible" light roadway, parking areas, pedestrian)
sources for pedestrian zones,taller poles for roadways
•
-,=
Figure 6. A typical family of
luminaires exemplifying various
pole heights and luminaire
configurations. (Courtesy of
Clanton and Associates, Inc.)
•
IESNA RP-33-99
safety consequences of a motorist blinded by a flood-
C o light, the aggravation when a parking lot luminaire
(A) TYPE I shines in a bedroom window, or the lost ambience
when an overlighted service station or fast-food
establishment opens in a small community with
minimal (or no) street lighting.
Any consideration of safety, visibility, annoyance,
Jt ►I and community appropriateness in exterior lighting
--o� designs suggests that establishing luminance ratio
li r (C) TYPE II -4-WAY criteria for the site being lighted will be important to
all potentially affected neighborhoods. These
ratios should set the maximum permissible lumi-
(B) TYPE I- 4-WAY nance levels between the site being illuminated
and neighboring sites having a potential direct
C- ) view. As a general rule, surface luminance ratios
should never exceed 20:1, but flexibility should be
(E) TYPE III permitted whenever local rules about light trespass
are established. A municipality may opt for lower
(0) TYPE II or higher luminance ratios depending upon the
community theme. A rural settlement may demand
lower ratios to preserve lower lighting levels overall,
while an urban area may decide that higher ratios
A4IX (F) TYPE rs are needed to provide flexibility in facade and
advertising lighting.
3.5 Determine How Luminaire
(G) TYPE Y Luminances Affect Perceptions
Figure 7. The light distribution patterns (typical of the Environment
iso-illuminance traces) for seven different luminaire
configurations used to provide coverage for roadways The luminance of luminaires is an important conside
(Type III), parking lots(Type III and V), and pedestrian ration in determining the overall quality of a lighting
areas (Type II, Ill, and V). installation. All luminaires provide some level of lumi-
nance. It is when this luminance becomes excessive
• Appropriate size of luminaire and pole (according that problems can arise. Excessive luminaire lumi-
to the application) nance can be distracting, uncomfortable, or even
disabling.
• Appropriate light distribution per application(Type
II and III for roadways,Type III and Type V for parking Often, the terms "brightness" and "luminance" are
lots, Type II, Ill, and V for pedestrian areas). See used interchangeably,thus leading to confusion. The
Figure 7 for luminaire distribution types. Classi- IESNA Lighting Handbook3 describes brightness as
fications are in accordance with ANSI/IES RP-8-834 the subjective sensation to measured luminances.
• Lamp selection(wattage and type)per application Due to the subjective nature of a lighting scene, one
• Source color person may feel a particular luminaire is bright while
• Appropriate luminance another person may not. Brightness is affected by
• Light shielding appropriate to light trespass and the environment in which the luminaire resides. As
light pollution goals the background luminance of a scene gets higher,
the apparent brightness of a luminaire becomes
3.4 Consider How Luminance Ratios lower. Viewing car headlights during the daytime is a
Impact Visibility good example of a situation involving high luminance
but low brightness.
High luminances projected directly from luminaires,
and excessive luminance differences between sur Any type of luminaire, whether it is full cutoff, cutoff,
faces or areas within the field of view may reduce the semi cutoff, or non cutoff, can yield excessive bright
ability to see a task. Such high luminances may also ness. Factors such as the luminaire optics (size of
create a safety hazard, cause annoyance, or disrupt the luminous area/opening and the concentration
the theme of an area or community. Consider the and angle of a luminaire's beam), the mounting
height of the luminaire, and the luminances of the
6
IESNA RP-33-99
The interaction of all the variables just discussed
leads to the final perception of brightness. Because
', !, .
, , of its subjective nature, brightness is difficult (if not
,' I ,,; ; impossible) to measure. However, luminaire lumi-
{ _ . '• nance and luminous intensity are two photometric
• 'mil.," at. ' -
�`�. `i !,t. quantities correlated with brightness that can be
- •IT , . .•� „; ,i ,. -' .uy used to specify luminaires. By considering one (or
L• . '' �'L.'' both) of these quantities, a designer can specify a
— .1-_„_z ...! ::_'=:':. j - • high-quality lighting installation without excessive
�=:-7 brightness.
. , •f'r .- , _.. •,,1 When comparing average luminance and lumi-
• ��f� _. * r r ,'. , nous intensity, average luminance would be in
Azie.9° --- closer correlation with brightness and would be
""-"'` - ='-=•' the preferred metric. The average luminance is
based on the candelas at a certain viewing angle
, r_ .;' •r; .r divided by the projected area of the luminaire.
ideally, it is the average luminance of the entire
• • • luminous opening or luminous view of the luminaire.
Figure 8.The luminaires in this scene are too bright The benefit of this method is that it uses currently
for the background luminance. measured photometric quantities and a standard
calculation procedure. One disadvantage of this
surrounding scene will all have an effect on how method is that it assumes the luminance of the
bright a luminaire will appear, luminous area to be uniform.
The design of a luminaire will have an effect on its A less desirable but convenient way of limiting bright-
luminance. The higher its luminance, the greater the ness involves limiting luminous intensity. (Maximum
potential for excessive brightness. Poorly-designed,
luminous intensity is somewhat related to brightness.)
high angle cutoff luminaires can yield excessive lumi- This metrics strength- is that .maximum luminous
nances, while well-designed, non-cutoff luminaires intensity (of a luminaire) can be found in any photo-
can be comfortable to view. However (assuming metric report. The problem with maximum luminous
intensity data is that it does not consider the size of 1
equivalent lumen packages), as designers move the luminous area,which is directly related to luminaire
from specifying full cutoff to cutoff to semi-cutoff to brightness. However, higher luminous intensities
non-cutoff luminaires, increasing attention should be generally mean higher brightness.
paid to the luminaire's luminance and potential for
excessive brightness. Care should be given to limit Although there is no metric for predicting excessive
upward light transmission to minimize light pollution. brightness during the lighting design phase, careful
Ideally, a mock-up of the scene or direct examination examination of average luminance, luminous
of an already-installed site will yield valuable informa- intensity, mounting height, background luminance,
tion about the brightness of a specific luminaire. beam angle, and luminaire design can help in
The typical viewing angle of the luminaire plays a role creating outdoor luminous environments that
in the perceived brightness of the scene. Designers deliver good quality light without excessive bright-
should guard against using high angle, high lumi- ness. Refer to Section 5.2 for additional informa-
nance pedestrian-scale at low mounting heights, tion on determining what constitutes excessive
Bollards, which are within the direct field of view, brightness.
should have low luminances especially above 90°. 3.6 Provide Design Guidelines
Generally, as luminaire mounting height gets lower,
luminaires with less luminance must be used. Design guidelines establish the design steps for
As the scene's background luminance changes from public lighting and private lighting (residential and
light surroundings(urban scenes),to darker surroundings commercial)for communities and developers. These
(suburban scenes), to the darkest surroundings (rural guidelines should explain Community Themes and
scenes), luminaire luminance should be closely Goals, including a Family of Luminaires or related
examined, with luminaire selection made only after families for different districts. Design efforts to minimize
seriously considering the background luminance of Glare and establish Brightness Criteria should be
the scene(see Figure 8). integrated into these guidelines.
7
IESNA HI -3d-99
°i 4 a r a F d
�. y5 �..✓ k' � iaS{S v s I ir r W
�r 1
C
sV 1syl r — el -
Figure 9. Extreme glare
r ; -"' • .. rA43; will causes a loss of visibility
. , -n; ll because under these
f "yy 3 - '-T conditions a person cannot
y41
fr�; discern important detail.
, 4 A,�'`, 11' (Courtesy of the International
1,,k Dark Sky Association)
i I
} . I
rat
3.7 Educate Developers of strated that too much light, or poorly directed light,
Lighting Ordinances causes a loss of visibility. For example, if a light is too
bright, it prevents a person from discerning important
Consideration might be given to developing a lighting detail because of the "high brightness contrast" or
'ordinance (or bylaw) in areas where light trespass or glare which causes a silhouette effect(see Figure 9).
light pollution issues have arisen in the past and/or
where neighboring residential and commercial A better approach is to light vertical surround surfaces
developments are expected to show significant growth. (trees, building facades, or other area features)so that
See Section 6.0 on lighting ordinances for more detail. these surfaces can reflect light onto people (see
Figure 10). Direct vertical light on faces should be
comfortable,with minimal glare. When faces are lighted,
4.0 SECURITY LIGHTING detection, and more importantly identification,
happens quickly and-easily, even at great distances.
Providing a sense of safety and security are critical Successful exterior lighting designs develop layers of
issues that relate to exterior lighting. Safety can be light. Layered lighting involves providing a minimal
defined as freedom from danger. This is quite different amount of ambient lighting with accents or highlights
from security,which is defined as freedom from worry on a few key features. This approach begins with street
Thus security can be thought of as the subjective and pedestrian lighting (see Figure 11). In addition to
perception of one's personal safety level. By meeting lighting the street, security is increased by providing
well-defined criteria(IESNA RP-8), street lighting can adequate vertical light at crosswalks and intersections.
usually provide a sense of safety and minimize traffic This lighting gives motorists and pedestrians the nece-
conflicts. However, because the security of people ssary information for detection and identification,
and property involves psychology and perception, satisfying safety-related issues. The lighting of side-
it is a much more difficult criterion for any exterior walks,trees, and building facades can then be used to
lighting system to satisfy. (See also the note in the provide a soft visual backdrop, increasing security.
first paragraph of Section 3.0.)
For pedestrian parks, pathways may be lighted conti-
The quantity or amount of light has been typically nuously. This method is recommended for heavily used
related directly to safety. However, it is the quality of the paths shared by joggers, bikers, strollers, and those on
light, not excessive quantity, which is more closely roller blades. Another option is to only light"hazards"like
associated with perceptions of a safe and secure area. stairs, bridges, and obstacles (see Figure 12).
Comfortable, well-defined exterior environments with However, lighting the landscape, structures, and desti-
clear "zones of recognition" where people's faces can nation spots adds interest and helps pedestrians gauge
be distinguished are often perceived as"secure." distances. This lighting will define the space and depth
of the environment and help minimize dark areas and
Too often, people associate more light or brighter shadows (see Figure 13). At mesopic levels, sources
light with "safer" surrounds. It can be easily demon- with blue and green light can increase peripheral vision,
shortening a person's detection and reaction time.
8
IESNA RP-33-99
:`• • - tions when the street light appears very bright and
everything else appears dark because the pedes-
;;rr "L<:
;y '• . ; trian s eyes have adapted to the single bright source.
•"•` ��'.' ' r ' Under these conditions, could an approaching
,a: • '�• - ' „` a+ . =y &"+' , r:,i stranger be easily seen or would he/she only appear
G a' •'-, .'a ,4�r in silhouette? If little light falls on a face, the decision
�i+,y,y ' 4 4 r'�, " '. t •' � �''• to avoid or evade is compromised.
,fit "� . .,.. 9ti t`: ` .' ... 4
i `�' "� '' t •.. .$ +lam' - Providingwell-defined, appropriately lighted areas in
p. ��,�,. {• ,,, . , .•tti ,p .. i,t, _';t, the night environment is a key factor when addressing
`'' a . ' " ' ' y related issues. Properly lighted spaces can
Tz t r`, _ '' . ,,, f= j 4.0 �•.,. a ,:Y". z'. . security p Y g p
,,P t'r _ '� ;; q•�;y`', � s; ��• give the pedestrian adequate reaction time to avoid
k,? �,; „ '� D:. •• ' i �ti'. :S (or escape from) potential threats. In extreme situa-
ti , "s,r 0;1 > a„:• tions, quality lighting can help the pedestrian identify
.,y4.,,', _ ,'ie, `*••- ` ,• , •y�,__ a safe refuge.
ii.V4t ._-. t.,* ik.!f a/`Y.}�,+ �t� i • 5.0 DEALING WITH STRAY LIGHT
3I.'��n •;r, �.�,5 :;_ w ' ; •' As a result of efforts to increase the nighttime use of
�,44., ` ' "• ,'�%,�. � facilities, light pollution and light trespass have
r , 2.4
<� ti a •. ,�„ become extremely important considerations when-
""` '` . t •p 0I _4: �, �' ever a new outdoor lighting design is being prepared.
• � .
'� , r'l '`" '` f • , 5.1 Light Pollution' . • N.. .
Figure 10. Good surface lighting as provided for the Dust, water vapor, and other particles will reflect
Turner Home, Corpus Christi, TX is achieved with and scatter any stray or reflected light that is emitted
low wattage lamps. (Courtesy of GE Lighting) into the atmosphere. The result is the sky glow
found over all urban areas, sometimes called
A typical situation involves someone walking down a atmospheric 'or astronomical light pollution (see
Figure 14). Ground reflected light can account for
street where there is only one street light at the corner.
Does this person feel more secure when close to the up to 20 percent of this sky glow. Although this sky
glow is not injurious, it does deprive urban
street light or when further away? Also typical is
when the street is lighted and the adjacent sidewalks residents of the opportunity to stargaze and can
are dark. How secure does a pedestrian feel walking hamper astronomers' attempts to view the night sky
down such a sidewalk? Then there are other situa- through telescopes.
Y ; f .. • •A.1N .• •
•; SZ Ar , ' fl Figure 11. Layered lighting
I . '^lit 'xs applied to a walkway adds
I 'Y
i - interest, minimizes shadows,
. !i i , i )/Vi• f, and helps pedestrians
s It " • `.; 4�. r" gauge distances. (Courtesy
Y . - =� • .,fit of GE Lighting)
;, { { ems
1 I7 Yi 5 ,, S },Y ; :t. hy,,'p Jl
, 1
4
' 0 i ` .� Pat"
,a� ya ��'
• ' 7. 'l i,, r �: " 1 y��: >, " 74-41,,,,,:,:fii:,,,,,:.):„.,;::::,,,,::.,,,,,:t77;;;;:-: ...�7:- I-
; - ,�._ 1-m-4 ..e.74.—y :".-,i_s•_.,... .m .--
9
IESNA RP-33-99
•
�I,�-" 1n
t'
• Figure 12. Effective hazard lighting
on stairs. This lighting is uni-direc-
: \ `s tional, emphasizing shadows on
I ')` •' stair treads. (Courtesy of David Keith)
4 r,rf•
y
.
Light pollution is of special concern in areas near astro- • Minimizing non-target light. Lighting systems that
nomical observatories. Professional astronomers prefer project light upward, such as architectural and
that nearly monochromatic light sources (such as low sign lighting, should be designed to minimize light
pressure sodium) be used outdoors because any that does not illuminate the target area.
unwanted light that enters their instruments can be
easily filtered. However,the use of sources with limited • Turning off outdoor lighting during "low" use. All
spectral composition does not completely eliminate outdoor lighting, including advertising sign lighting
atmospheric light pollution from the telescope's view. and interior high-rise office building lighting, should
be turned off after use unless needed for safety and
The methods that best control light pollution are: security. Usually safety and security illuminance,with
the exception of street lighting,can be at levels much
• Cutting upward emissions. Street and area-lighting lower than those needed when the area is in use.
systems, including lighting for sports activities,
parking lots, and vehicle sales lots, should be 5.2 Light Trespass
designed to minimize or eliminate direct upward
emission. This will not eliminate all light emission The topic of light trespass is somewhat subjective,
above the horizontal plane, since reflected light since it often relates to unmeasurable or even unde-
from the ground or pavement is an important finable light, which sometimes cannot be controlled.
component of visibility. A typical example is the "light shining in my window"
a rspy'V ��w �� ,
'-' 1 k,y[.m t
.t3 ,i'-'5',1=4: 1•:--_-,i'ti:-.•`!, w
, f
t si r t i!nt I a ,ii! ...Jr
r �, t. p axv't7
4,,E -7,-� , - jT
It➢,i) .
1 . 'r .4. . ._
!
•
.r1 N n : 8" t .'i
,/ a �n. °ia ft ��., r
�' 1d1� ,.. 7 r . ' -
•
', M i l t-tM 5{17% .L j t * - ,- -
'1 #i,\1
•
Figure 13.Layered lighting along Speer Boulevard in Denver, CO during the daytime(left)and in the same location
at night(right). Notice how the stair hazard is emphasized at night with silhouette outlining. (Courtesy of David Keith)
10
IESNA RP-33-99
44. } , • Inspect areas adjacent to the lighting design loca-
•' • ; • ; ;�. tion to identify and consider any potential problems
. • '•••, :j "'} � involving residences, roadways, and airports.
•
y :' • Select luminaires with tightly controlled candela
.. ,'.'"�•:'t,•♦rr 41..:+* distributions, using sharp-cutoff reflectors and
a.Ai' .t.f •. ._} ity 4, ..'„%*
• '•x` �-' ,a,,,` ': refractors.
• ... 4 "�`= F-• i•'; • Contain light within the design area by carefully
i.,�;: ••• • r ,•• • 3 • •• ' ;..1 •
selecting, locating, and mounting the luminaires.
VCR, ;�'_ �'. ; # !! •.:;. ;r, � .
c'' • Use well-shielded luminaires (or select equipment
that can be shielded), if a potential problem is found
Figure 14.This satellite view of the United States at after installation.
night illustrates the magnitude of upward direct and
reflected light from urban areas. (Courtesy of the • Keep floodlight aiming angles low so that the entire
International Dark Sky Association) beam always falls within the intended lighted area
during (and after) the design and installation
complaint. A "solution" might require eliminating a process.
luminaire deemed essential for the safety and security
in a nearby park or street. Another solution may be Efforts have been made in numerous jurisdictions to
to shield the offending luminaire so its brightness is write ordinances or bylaws controlling light trespass.
not directly visible to the complainant(see Figure 15). These ordinances have met with a range of success,
The offending illuminance is called obtrusive light depending on practical enforcement. One method to
(see Glossary). control light trespass is based on using specific
environmental zone descriptions that then underlie
Light trespass usually fits into one of two categories: any restrictions. The Commission Internationale de
l'Eclairage (CIE) has developed a series of four
• Adjacent property receives unwanted light (high environmental zones (El through E4) in which
illuminance levels) different lighting situations can be placed:
• Excessive brightness occurs in the normal field of Zone El: Areas with intrinsically dark landscapes.
vision (nuisance glare) Examples are national parks, areas of outstanding
natural beauty, or residential areas where inhabitants
The following general suggestions will help control have expressed a strong desire that all light trespass
light trespass problems: be strictly limited. (This is the most sensitive zone.)
;• t t i 5-r *r m ,•:
� � . ar yL1 I`t}
4 �6
"-'t 4 , HMI®' I:1T:1?Lni— 9 w� t` �`' 3n
ri 7 r.,-----1 Llatilitz,---:_, r,„
,..„.1 ...„ , i.,...„ 1 .7„...„.„--,,,..„.,
,,,,, ,,,,,,,..,..-".;"4:',:," . , , ....------41
i t s_
Figure 15. The wall pack lighting on these barracks (left) puts too much spill light into the barracks' windows.
Alternatively, the carefully shielded luminaires on and around this private home (right) complement the architecture
while holding light trespass to a minimum.(left,courtesy of Michael Mutmansky;right,courtesy of OSRAM SYLVANIA)
11
IESNA RP-33-99
Zone E2:Areas of low ambient brightness.These may POST-CURFEW LIMITATIONS
be outer urban and rural residential areas. Roadways
may be lighted to typical residential standards. Zone and Description followed by the Recommen-
ded Maximum Illuminance Level •(sometimes with
Zone E3: Areas of medium ambient brightness. discussion)
These will generally be urban residential areas.
Roadways will normally be lighted to typical traffic Zone E1: intrinsically dark
route standards. For luminaires or systems which are not for public
safety or security, the limit should be (0) zero lux
Zone E4:Areas of high ambient brightness. Normally (fc). This is based on the presumption that the
these are urban areas having both residential and environment of such dark areas should not be
commercial use and experiencing high levels of night affected to any extent by electric light sources
time activity. after curfew hours. Where safety and security are
issues, night time lighting is needed. Such lighting
As defined, these area categories can provide the should meet IESNA recommendations for the
basis for restricting the brightness that must be tole- particular property being lighted. Lighting should
rated in a specific environment. Within any category, be designed, however, to minimize light trespass.
a curfew or "after hours" time may be established, It is suggested that the subject lighting should not
allowing higher lighting levels during those hours exceed 1 lux (0.1 fc).
when the curfew is not in effect.
Zone E2: low ambient brightness
Since light trespass is extremely subjective, there is This category contains the most sensitive
no single set of values/limits that will work in every residential areas (generally dark neighborhoods),
situation. The report Light Trespass Research5 with the exception of those areas covered by CIE's
suggests that light trespass can be evaluated by El environmental zone. It is suggested that the
illuminance values measured at the eye in a plane subject lighting be restricted to 1 lux(0.1 fc)or less.
perpendicular to the line-of-sight when looking at the
brightest source in the field of view. This report also Zone E3: medium ambient brightness
stresses the subjectivity of the research and how it The suggested recommendation is that the subject
may be affected by the personalities and desires of lighting be restricted to 2 lux(0.2 fc)or less.
different individuals. Therefore, the following recom-
mendations are only a guideline and framework for Zone E4: high ambient brightness
setting reasonable levels. Local authorities should The suggested recommendation is that the subject
increase (or decrease) the values given depending lighting be restricted to 6 lux (0.6 fc) or less.
on the specific situation and on community desires.
All these suggestions were developed on the
While these recommendations serve to reduce serious assumption that the affected luminaires are conti-
light trespass,their implementation is not a guarantee nually on during the applicable night time period.
against objections. Where luminaires are only on for a short period,these
suggestions should not be applied. The intent of
The following are the suggested light trespass limi- these suggestions is to prevent obtrusive light levels
tations from the report Light Trespass Research.The from being constantly within view. Therefore, the
specific illuminance values given are measured at following section is intended as a rough guideline or
the eye in a plane perpendicular to the line-of-sight: framework for setting levels. Local authorities should
increase (or decrease) the values cited depending
PRE-CURFEW LIMITATIONS on specific neighborhood situations and/or commu-
nity desires. These suggestions are intended to
Zone and Recommended Maximum reduce serious light trespass.
Description Illuminance Level
Zone El 1 lux(0.1 fc)
intrinsically dark 6.0 LIGHTING ORDINANCES
Zone E2 3 lux(0.3 fc)
low ambient brightness
Zone E3 8 lux(0.8 fc) Lighting ordinances or bylaws are a direct result of
medium ambient brightness the growth in the outdoor use of electric light (see
Zone E4 15 lux(1.5 fc) Figure 16), and perform several important functions.
high ambient brightness They provide a formal structure by which municipal
authorities can evaluate proposed and existing lighting
12
IESNA RP-33-99
installations against a predetermined standard, and result in mall parking lots with a sea of poles to
they put the municipalities on record regarding mini- achieve the required uniformity ratio. Mandating
mum acceptable standards. Such ordinances pro- street lighting everywhere might despoil the charm
vide municipalities with authority to take remedial of rural residential areas while providing no benefit.
action against inadequate and offensive lighting Conversely, a ban on roadway lighting in all resi-
installations, thus protecting communities from dential areas would deny the important safety and
unpleasant lighting surprises. Such rules may also security benefits that outdoor lighting can provide in
help establish and maintain community or neigh- urban settings. Banning any light source that is not
borhood architectural themes. (Note: In most U.S. cutoff or that directs its output upward into the night
jurisdictions, the rules governing lighting installations sky could deny citizens the visual delights of a
are called ordinances; in Canada they are called dancing fountain, a.striking statue, a graceful tree,
bylaws.) or an imposing historic structure.
Preparation of a lighting ordinance should be under- Should a municipality decide to establish a lighting
taken with considerable forethought. Its framers should ordinance the following general guidelines should
know the themes of the various parts of the corn- be taken into consideration. The remaining por-
munity and the community's need for safety, security, tions of this section describe basic considerations
and aesthetics. They must also recognize which that should be incorporated into municipal lighting
areas are expanding and which are shrinking. A one- ordinances.
size-fits-everything lighting ordinance that requires all
outdoor lighting to be of the same design, using the 6.1 Purpose, Intent, and Scope
same luminaire types, subject to the same maximum
mounting height and aiming angle requirements, and . The beginning of any lighting ordinance establishes
having the same illuminances, would be a gross what is covered, the intent, and exactly who is
disservice to any community. directly affected. As an example:
•
• Municipalities seldom have a single set of lighting "Outdoor lighting shall be required for safety
needs that can be satisfied with a rigid list of do's . and personal security in areas of public assembly
and .don'ts. Regardless of size, communities will and traverse for multiple family developments,
typically have commercial, industrial, sports, and as well as municipal, commercial, industrial,
residential uses — each with different lighting and institutional uses where there is outdoor
requirements. For example, mandating one maxi- public activity during hours of darkness. Glare
mum luminaire mounting height (for all uses) might and light trespass control shall be required to
I
�k 5
��+�7 s u z w
cal Ati, n
• - • • N.(M{R 4 .,-1 ,r
i ` .t i ' a t
a _ __ a.� , r ),.
;
• l *, . + ,,y 1 ,,. ',s 1. th" 4r » ..� .,% T k-a,4 ' .z ,w ra '` ', is ''`
. n. ti , + s, t
'0` :-t' 'i4„I v:.'::.' .�' "",w i(. ` i i- .-:J J .7' `v'+• •5r+ r— ,,•!` M•!,. L.r�' ,r 416
��. • ^, tk,I , +♦ 4, o f ..1 ..
Figure 16. Night views of Los Angeles in 1908 (left) and today (right) illustrate that the growth in municipal,
commercial, industrial, and institutional uses of electric light has also multiplied the consequences of stray light.
(Courtesy of the International Dark Sky Association)
12
IESNA RP-33-99
protect inhabitants from the consequences of nate only the task and do not shine directly onto
stray light shining in inhabitants' eyes or onto neighboring properties, roadways, or distribute
neighboring properties. Light pollution control excessive light skyward."
shall be required to minimize the negative •
effect of misdirected upward light. The glare, 6.2.4 Glare Control. Annoying glare from exterior
light trespass, and light pollution requirements lighting may also cause visibility problems. Since the
of this ordinance shall apply to all uses, includ- human eye adapts to the brightest object in its field
ing residential, and all jurisdictions including of view, glare can prevent important details from
public, private, and municipal." being seen. Glare should be controlled at all times
through proper equipment selection, careful aiming,
6.2 Relevant Criteria and limits on brightness.
Based on its stated purpose and scope, the lighting 6.2.5 Equipment Types. The lighting ordinance may
ordinance should next set forth the applicable limit equipment distribution types and lamp
illuminance, uniformity, glare control, light pollution, wattages. An example may be to only allow cutoff
light trespass, maintenance, on/off cycle control, luminaires for higher wattage lamps. Floodlights may
and installation criteria. only be used for sports lighting and must be fully
shielded. Equipment types may be more limiting in
6.2.1 Illuminance Suggestions. Other sections of residential areas and less so in industrial areas.
this Recommended Practice discuss illuminance for
typical night time outdoor seeing tasks encountered 6.2.6 Lamp Recommendations. Recommended
in communities such as parking lots, and pedestrian lamp types may also be included in the lighting ordi-
and vehicular traffic. The current IESNA Lighting nance. Many times ordinances prohibit certain
Handbook3 and other Recommended Practices also lamps because of their energy inefficiency or color
include suggestions for other specific activities such spectrum. For example, mercury vapor lamps are
as sports lighting. These illuminances should be less energy efficient than fluorescent, metal halide,
extracted and invoked in the lighting ordinance and and high pressure sodium lamps (see Table 1). Low
should be specified as maintained levels. The list need pressure sodium lamps may be required in luminaires
not be exhaustive, but should include typical community lighted all night near astronomical observatories. Low
seeing tasks and invoke IESNA suggestions for all pressure sodium lamps also have applications for low
other functions. level exterior security lighting in industrial areas where
there is no night time activity. High pressure sodium
6.2.2 Illuminance Uniformity. For each illuminance lamps may be recommended to illuminate roadways
metric there should be a corresponding maximum-to- and other outdoor areas where luminance levels are
minimum uniformity ratio specified in the lighting above 0.3 cd/m2(0.03 cd/ft.2). Specific types of metal
ordinance to protect against areas of insufficient or halide, compact fluorescent, or other white sources
excessive illuminance. may be recommended because of superior color
rendering properties, community themes, or for lighting
6.2.3 Addressing Glare, Light Pollution, and Light at low luminances. Maximum brightness and lamp
Trespass. Since direct glare, light pollution and light wattage may be restricted for any luminaires that are
trespass are often the most contentious aspects of not fully shielded.
outdoor lighting and most often in need of municipal
mediation, these are probably the most critical 6.2.7 Controls. Exterior lighting should be con-
elements of a lighting ordinance. The wording trolled. Simple dusk-to-dawn controls keep such
adopted should be objective — exempting no indi- lights on for the maximum time, using the most energy.
vidual, use, or light source. As an example: More appropriate control alternatives include:
"For area lighting such as parking lots, and road- • Automatically lowering lighting levels one hour
way lighting, cutoff-type luminaires shall be used after the close of business.
and shall be equipped with (or be capable of • Activating security lighting with motion sensors so
being retrofitted with)devices for redirecting light that lights come on only when someone is in the
such as shields, visors, or hoods. All outdoor immediate area.
lighting on private, residential, commercial, • Turning off lights with time clocks at (or before)
industrial, municipal, recreational, or institutional midnight when there is no/minimal activity.
property, shall be so aimed, located, designed, • Turning off display, advertising, and specialty
fitted, and maintained. Directional luminaires lights at(or before) midnight.
such as floodlights, spotlights, and sign lights
shall be so installed and aimed that they illumi- • Lowering light levels during all inactive periods.
14
icolvH nr-oo-ya
6.2.8 Luminaire Maintenance. Poorly-maintained provide a description of the luminaires, including
luminaires may not provide the suggested illumi- glare reduction/control devices, lamps, on-off
nances cited by a lighting ordinance for safety and/or cycle control devices, and mounting devices.
security on a continuous basis. Therefore, an Also required should be a statement of the
ordinance should require that lighting installations be proposed hours when the luminaires will be on
maintained such that they continually • provide and when they will be extinguished. In addition,the
acceptable illuminance levels and glare control. governing body may want to request submission
of an impact statement demonstrating that the proper
6.3 Plan Submission steps have been taken to ensure no negative impact
upon the community and its residents.
The lighting ordinance should be specific about
the submission of lighting plans for. municipal 6.4 Compliance Monitoring
review and approval. At the very least it should
require a layout of proposed luminaire locations, The lighting ordinance might contain a statement
including aiming angles, minimum and average saying that (as a part of the subdivision or develop-
illuminances for each task, uniformity ratios, loca- ment process) the municipality will conduct a post-
tion and use of adjacent properties, and an installation inspection of lighting installations to ensure
isolux/isofootcandle plot or lux/footcandle grid that compliance with ordinance requirements. However, in
demonstrates adequate intensities and uniformity. all likelihood, not every lighting plan will be reviewed
Manufacturer's catalog cuts should be required that by the municipality. Therefore, a process must be in
Table 1: General Characteristics of Commonly Used Light sources*
(This table shows the wide range of parameters available for lamp products. A specific example has been chosen for each source type.)
Lamp Initial Efficacy Lumen Life CRI
Sources Type and color Temperature Watts Lumens (LPW) Maintenance2 (Hours)
Standard Incandescent Filament, 2700 K 100 1690 17 85 750 100
bungs et n Halogen(Ref Iector);:2850'KC— '. _~90 ,, ,13003;`=, 77714 , 9'5 2500 j 100 y
TungstenHalogen
(Low Voltage, Reflector),3000 K-3200 K 50 9003 18 95 4000 100
Fluorescent T 5 4 ft 4,3000 K?4100 K,,_-- 28 29005 w 104 95 16,000. ..`_ :___:82.::.1,
High Output Fluorescent
T-5 4ft.4,3000 K-4000 K 54 50005 93 95 16,000 82
Fluorescent_Tp2 ft4 3000:K--4100 K 32 m 2850 _: 89: :85- ._, 20,000; ; , : 75
Slimlime Reduced
Wattage 8 ft.3000 K-5000 K 60 5900 98 80 12,000 82
Hlc)h Output Reduced ; .
• Wattage 8 ft 000K 6700°K ; l- 95 8000• 84 75 ' ;12,OOD;i _ 62
Compact Flourescent
(Long Twin),3000 K-4100 K 39 3150 81 85 20,000 82
Compact Flourescent x `' r t _
.__(Double),2700 K 6500 K � ._ro . ._. _ _._ >_..__.26 1800'._._' 70_mow 85a -m• 10000 ... .82
Mercury Vapor,3000 K-5700 K 175 7950 45 60 24,000 15
Metal Halide,Low;Wattage;W3000'.K_3800 K-- 100 `.. .9000t 90 w_.- - 85: 15;000 70
Metal Halide, High Wattage,3000 K-4000 K 400 36,000 90 80 20,000 65
GeramicMetal Hallde cl-ear);3000 K YTTOI_._-806 10 000 '85
High Pressure Sodium, Low Wattage, 1900 K7 70 6400 91 90 24,000 22
izilgh Pressure Sodium —`LL _ ,� _ -- ''
F :Highhh attage(Diffuse), 2100 kr 250 26 000 104 90 -* 24,000. - . 22J
Low Pressure Sodium,
(Monochromatic), 1800 K7 90 12,750 140 90 16,000 <2
See manufacturer's catalogs for specific data.
Efficacy for lamp is shown in lumens per watt. Ballasting is required for all lamps except standard incandescent and tungsten-halogen.
2 As defined in the IESNA Lighting Handbook for each light source.
3 The important performance parameters for reflector lamps are beam spread and maximum center beam intensity(commonly called candlepower).
° Exact lamp length is 1149 mm.
5 Lumen output measured at 35°C(95°F)ambient.
a Computed from manufacturer's approximate lumen output data:initial and mean(mean at 40 percent of lamp rated average life).
These light sources are deficient in blue and green light,which is not reflected in their rated efficacies. Light sources with wide spectral distributions that
include blue and green are more efficient in low light settings that monchromatic sources or sources with little blue or green light.
Refer to Section 2.3 for EPRI LRO/TAC statement on spectral composition. 15
IESNA RP-33-99
place that lets the municipality require,at its discretion, nued relevancy. With the successful establishment of
corrective action for any lighting installation that fails to an outdoor lighting ordinance,an advisory committee
meet ordinance-cited safety and/or security illumi- should be convened. This committee will ensure that
nance criteria, or that produces unacceptable levels the ordinance continues to be responsive to the
of light trespass, light pollution, and/or glare. needs of the community, provide technical support
for the municipality's planning staff, bring to bear
Enforcement officers and municipality engineers evolving technologies, and provide feedback from
must be trained in the intent of the lighting ordinance. the community to the establishing entity. As deemed
Illuminance and luminance meters maybe required appropriate, this committee:might include repre-
to measure lighting levels and luminances. The sentation from most (or all) of the following interests:
enforcement officers should also be able to recom- retail, commercial, industrial, residential (e.g., a
mend changes that would correct problem situations, homeowner's association), real estate, electrical
such as re-aiming floodlights, adding appropriate engineering, sign manufacturer, astronomical obser-
shielding, or replacing equipment. vatory, electrical construction, electric utility, police,
public safety advocates, and municipal government.
6.5 Other Considerations
The previous sections provide a road map for creating 7.0 SELECTING LIGHT SOURCES
a generic lighting ordinance that deals with most typical AND BALLASTS
lighting issues. But there is no model ordinance that
will serve every need of all communities. Indeed,
each community will probably have special situations Light sources for illuminating outdoor environments
that must be accommodated. Surely the lighting should be selected according to their application. If
needs of an urban community will differ from those color rendering is important, then a light source with
of a rural community, and a municipality near an a high color rendering index (CRI) is crucial. Color
astronomical observatory will want to pay particular temperature consideration is also important. Warmer
attention to controlling sky glow. Property adjacency color temperatures in the 2100 K to 3500 K range
should be taken into consideration. Stricter limitations should be considered for a warmer setting or when
may be in order for properties in (or near) residential lighting specific types of architecture, for example,
neighborhoods than for industrial properties. brick or sandstone. Cooler temperatures (4000 K to
5000 K)should be considered when lighting a green
A performance-type ordinance, one that specifies landscape. Sometimes contrasting warm and cool
the expected end result rather than how to achieve it, colors can create special effects, for example,
provides the designer, developer, planner, or installer helping separate walkways from landscaping.
with the freedom to meet the intent of the ordinance.
This way, monotonous"cookie cutter"forced solutions Lumen maintenance and rated life should be corn-
are avoided, while providing the municipality with the mensurate with the lighting installation's criticality, the
flexibility to objectively judge the seriousness of an difficulty involved in relamping, and the likelihood that
offending installation. Language should be incorpo- the luminaires will (or will not) be properly maintained.
rated in the lighting ordinance that provides the In areas where outdoor lighting is essential for security,
municipality flexibility to waive or grant a variance emphasis must be placed on color rendering, lamp life,
from specific requirements of the lighting ordinance. lumen maintenance, and vandal resistance. Selecting
Waivers or variances should be based on considera- a short-lived incandescent source for a luminaire that
tion of evidence demonstrating that the proposed has poor accessibility would be inappropriate.
solution will provide a benefit without negative impact
on the health, safety, or welfare of the community. Among available discharge-lamp sources, metal
halide, high pressure sodium, and fluorescent are
Whatever the lighting ordinance's intent, it should be the most commonly used. (Mercury vapor lamps
simple and easy to understand. Clarity and enforce- should not be used for area lighting because of
ability are key elements. The education of designers, energy inefficiencies and lumen depreciation
installers,suppliers,code enforcement personnel,and characteristics.) Proper ballast selection is crucial.
consumers will help ensure the ordinance's success. An improperly selected ballast may not adequately
meet normal fluctuations in voltage, necessitating
6.6 Ongoing Ordinance Review more frequent lamp changes and increased main-
tenance costs. Therefore, select and specify
An outdoor lighting ordinance cannot be cast in ballasts that are capable of continuously operating
stone. Communities are dynamic and therefore the the lamp, or employ protective devices which
ordinance must be periodically reviewed for conti- minimize on/off cycling.
1F
ItSNA
16.0 PARKING LOT LIGHTING Outdoor retail areas tend to be brighter than their
surrounds. As an example, consider fast food
establishments. If the adjacent properties and
The first step in determining area classifications roadways are lighted to a base level, the restau-
and light level ranges for parking areas comes during rant's drive-up and parking areas should be no
the CommunityResponsive Design brighter than ten times that level. Additional bright-
the p g process of ness will not attract more attention, and may present
Section 3.0. Minimize nuisance glare to homes in a hazard to motorists on adjacent roadways.
residential communities through the careful con-
sideration of any adjacent parking lots. IESNA cut- Refer to the latest version of IESNA RP-211 Recom-
off-type luminaires should be used in most appli mended Practice for Lighting Merchandising Areas
cations (see Figure 40 and Figure 41). Poles for merchandise lighting guidelines.
should usually be no higher than nearby buildings.
House-side shields may be necessary in glare 18.1 Car Dealership Lighting
sensitive areas. Light reflected off parked cars
should be considered in evaluating nuisance The merchandise located on lots surrounding an
glare. Refer to the latest versions of IESNA RP-8 automobile showroom usually consists of a "front
American National Standard Practice for Roadway row" of cars or trucks adjacent to a primary road.
Lighting, and IESNA RP-209 Lighting for Parking Attracting customers to these vehicles can be
Facilities for specific design guidance and criteria. artfully accomplished. The lighting should "fill"the
area without producing excessive brightness.
17.0 OUTDOOR SPORTS LIGHTING Luminaire luminance should be minimal as seen
by motorists at normal viewing angles on adjacent
roadways, or from the perspective of potential
The first step in determining area classifications and customers examining the merchandise close up.
light level ranges for outdoor sports lighting comes This can be accomplished by locating certain
during the Community Responsive Design process of luminaire support poles between the roadway and
Section 3.0. When sports fields are adjacent to the front row merchandise, then aiming the cut-off
roadways, the sports lighting should not contribute and low glare luminaires directly at the front row.
glare onto the roadways. When sports fields are Glare reflected off the merchandise at normal
located adjacent to residential communities, the viewing angles should be avoided — glare off a
overall brightness should be carefully controlled. windshield for example. Selecting a light source
Poles should usually be at least 21.3 m (70 ft.) high that renders colors well will enhance merchandise
for aerial sports such as baseball or softball. appearance.
Floodlights should not be aimed above 62 degrees, Other luminaires should be located on poles through-
and should use internal louvers and external shields out the lot. Luminance produced by these luminaires
to help minimize light pollution (see Figure 42). All should not cause disability glare for motorists nor
outdoor sports fields should take into account create nuisance glare for homeowners in surrounding
surrounding community brightness and be designed
to minimize "sky glow." Refer to the latest version of neighborhoods. Suggested illuminance and uniformity
IESNA RP-6,10 Recommended Practice for Sports ratios are shown in Table 7. This table is based
and Recreational Area Lighting for specific design on the consensus opinion of the IESNA Outdoor
guidance and applications criteria. Environmental Lighting Committee.
18.2 Service Station Lighting
18.0 OUTDOOR RETAIL LIGHTING
The key to quality outdoor retail lighting is to
attract the customer to a safe, secure environ-
Exterior areas where customers view and select ment. Too often, this is translated into a call for
merchandise such as found at car dealerships, auto- bright lights. Automobile service stations can be
mobile service stations, lumber yards, and pedestri-
an shopping malls require outdoor retail lighting. This island canopy as opposed to direct illumination
lighting is necessary to attract shoppers, for from bright sources that may also create glare for
customers to comfortably review the merchandise, those on the adjacent roadway. By lighting
and for safe pedestrian passage. Security is also an service station surfaces (like the pump canopy
issue, especially when the merchandise is left outside and the station's facade), customers can be
24 hours a day. drawn to a retail area which is attractive, yet free
•
42
IESNA RP-33-99
Table 7: Illuminance Levels and Uniformities for Car Dealerships General Lighting
Area Maximum
Illuminance Maximum to
on Pavement Minimum Ratio
(lux/footcandles)
Main Business Districts
(highly competitive)
• Adjacent to roadway 100-200/10-20 5:1
• Other rows 50-100/5-10 10:1
• Entrances 50-100/5-10 5:1
• Driveways 20-30/2-3 10:1
Secondary Business Districts •
(or small towns) •
• Adjacent to roadway 50-100/5-10 5:1
• Other rows 25-50/2.5-5 10:1
• Entrances 25-50/2.5-5 5:1
• Driveways 10-20/1-2 10:1
Note:For lighting feature displays,se the latest version of RP-2 Recommended Practice for Lighting Merchandising Areas. •
of the negatives associated with very bright light. cause light pollution or deliver nuisance glare
It is recommended that flat lenses (rather than to adjacent properties. This table is based on
dropped lenses or refractors) be used. This will the consensus opinion of the IESNA Outdoor
reduce the direct glare from any luminaires within Environmental Lighting Committee.
the driver's field of view.
Service stations lighted to high illuminance levels 19.0 OUTDOOR HOSPITALITY LIGHTING
may pose adaptation problems for customers leaving
the station and re-entering the much darker street or
roadway nearby. Glare must be minimized to help The exterior regions around hotels, motels, and
avoid such adaptation problems. restaurants are considered outdoor hospitality areas.
The primary focus of these areas is either for pedes-
Table 8 lists recommended Illuminance levels for trian walkways or for sit-down enjoyment. A combi-
automobile service stations. This lighting should nation of the techniques described in Sections 11.0,
be provided with low glare luminaires that do not 12.0, and 14.0 for softscape/landscape, hardscape,
Table 8:Service Station or Gas Pump Area Average Illuminance Levels
Average Illuminance on
Described Area
Area Description (lux/footcandles)
Approach with Dark Surroundings 15/1.5
Driveway with Dark Surroundings 15/1.5
Pump Island Area with Dark Surroundings 50/5
Building Facades with Dark Surroundings 20/2
Service Areas with Dark Surroundings 20/2
Landscape Highlights with Dark Surroundings 10/1
Approach with Light Surroundings - 20/2
Driveway with Light Surroundings 20/2
Pump Island Area with Light Surroundings 100/10
Building Facades with Light Surroundings 30/3
Service Areas with Light Surroundings 30/3
Landscape Highlights with Light Surroundings 20/2 1,
An Introduction to the Issues of Light Pollution
4 2 , _—
- :_ , • .tea :!,' ',': - , .f :,, '"'.
:: : a-• , ---...*:,-„:•;'::-",-...t.- i--. x . �- Satellite photo
.�' : - , Yt., •_' _: ,. .4-- , f :,,.::::,3 revealing the
: ,, s ', ` '' x �i' s •
estimated 30%
3 T * •
. i y,..,�. i . .'4' r . .:7 of all US outdoor
iirit.;".''.:... -.. ,...:1 r . ' `l }s ;r; { rI ar lighting being directed
;a x skyward as waste.
'•*� 1;. , * :.i ,+1C 4' �. '*' ?y ;: ' Conservatively
- ,- - _ r .,.,4 .-_ ;:: r' . ,-' estimated at $1.5
• :,,' •;, ,:�:.- -. I. :• , " , • . r •+' billion dollars in
' : .4,�" } . - , ";:- . '� • }tt"••• 4- ` • `- wasted electricity yearly,
;` wt- 'I •'"'• • '• • `. �; ' 1 +. this 30% requires the burning
�4:, ._�:.,, of 6,000,000 tons of coal
: •--s ' .° �; each year to generate this
ti electricity waste.
• •v(,- • ';~*`Y N.. Estimated by the
t �.J " International Dark-Sky Association.
We all win
by correcting the problems of inefficient outdoor lighting.at night.
• Many types of outdoor lighting designed for advertising, security and visibility are actually wasteful,invasive
and a source of disabling glare.
• "Light trespass",the poor control of outdoor lighting which crosses property lines, detracts from our quality
of life, and confuses the instinctive daily and seasonal cycles of animals and plants.
• Although perceived as a deterrent to crime, studies by the US Department of Justice* and the National Institute
of Justice* show no conclusive evidence that lighting actually prevents crime.
• Public hazards have been created by the use of glaring,high-wattage floodlighting along roadways and business
parking lots, shining directly in the driver's line of sight.
• Public safety is also being compromised by businesses competing with light levels to attract business. The
eye's inability to adjust quickly to drastic changes from light to dark, leaves a driver temporarily blind when
exiting an overlit business area at night. It is not uncommon to see businesses using 3 to 6 times the recognized,
lighting industry recommendations for site lighting(IESNA).
• The recent awareness of global warming concerns, due in a large part to power plant emissions,now demands
an effort to reduce our consumption of electricity.
• Because of this unnecessary condition, many of our children today have already lost much of the starry night
sky behind the glow of wasted light,limiting their imaginations to the man-made boundaries around them.
• By correcting these outdoor lighting problems for the future we can save money and electricity,improve public
safety and increase visibility, while reducing air pollution and green house gas emissions.
*"Study of Streetlighting And Crime"7/77 by James M.Tien/US Dept.of Justice•www.darksky.org/iidaJida_2/iinfo63.htm1
"Preventing Crime,What Works,What Doesn't,What's Promising" A report to the US Congress/The National Institutue of Justice•www.ncjrs.org/works/wholedoc.htm
For more information,contact:The International Dark Sky Association 3225 N.First Ave.,Tucson AZ 85719 •520-293-3198 • website: http://www.darksky.org
Good Neighbor Outdoor Lighting Page 1 of 11
Good Neighbor
Outdoor Lighting
A GUIDE TO SELECTING AND INSTALLING EFFICIENT, COST-
EFFECTIVE,
AND UNOBTRUSIVE OUTDOOR LIGHTING FIXTURES
4•�. . - .
' . �• tit .•, � .. • ~.
. . ..• • �. _ _a
•• ♦ ♦ r •♦ ♦ 4 1
i ♦ j
yr d1cy c. p Y V ....
' a $
T 6�.
r3�—.tea itz. "` y't 9 E ,;11;
Compiled by the
New England Light Pollution Advisory Group (NELPAG)
and the International Dark-Sky Association
May 1995
Why is there outdoor lighting?
Outdoor lighting is used to illuminate roadways,parking lots,yards, sidewalks,public meeting areas,
signs, work sites, and buildings. It provides us with better visibility and a sense of security.
• When well-designed and properly installed, outdoor lighting can be and is very useful in
improving visibility and safety and a sense of security, while at the same time minimizing
energy use and operating costs.
Why should we be concerned?
If outdoor lighting is not well-designed and properly installed, it can be costly, inefficient, glary, and
harmful to the nighttime environment. These are the issues:
• Glare: Poorly-designed or poorly installed lighting can cause a great deal of glare that can
severely hamper the vision of pedestrians, cyclists, and drivers, creating a hazard rather than
increasing safety. Glare occurs when you can see light directly from the fixture (or bulb).
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Good Neighbor Outdoor Lighting Page 2 of 11
• Light Trespass: Poor outdoor lighting shines onto neighborhood properties and into bedroom
windows, reducing privacy, hindering sleep, and creating an unattractive look to the area.
• Energy Waste: Much of our outdoor lighting wastes energy because it is not well-designed.
This waste results in high operating costs and increased environmental pollution from the extra
power generation needs. We waste over a billion dollars a year in the United States alone
lighting up the sky at night.
• Sky Glow: A large fraction of poor lighting shines directly upwards, creating the adverse sky
glow above our cities that washes our view of the dark night sky,taking away an important
natural resource. In addition to the cost savings, less sky glow will allow future generations to
enjoy the beauty of the stars, and children will be inspired to learn and perhaps to enter fields
of science.
What is Good Lighting?
Good lighting does its intended job well and with minimum adverse impact to the environment. Good
lighting has four distinct characteristics:
1. It provides adequate light for the intended task, but never over-lights.
Specifying sufficient light for a job is sometimes hard to do on paper. Remember that a full
moon can make an area seem quite bright. Some modern lighting systems illuminate areas to a
level 100 times as bright as does the full moon! Brighter is not always better, so try to choose
lights that will meet your needs without illuminating the neighborhood. If you can't decide
what to do, consulting a good lighting designer is usually your best bet.
2. It uses "fully-shielded" lighting fixtures, fixtures that control the light output in order to
keep the light in the intended area.
Such fixtures have minimum glare from the light-producing source. "Fully-shielded" means
that no light is emitted above the horizontal. (High-angle light output from ill-designed fixtures
is mostly wasted, doing no good in lighting the ground, but still capable of causing a great deal
of glare. Of course, all the light going directly up is totally wasted.)
Fully-shielded light fixtures are more effective and actually increase safety, since they have
very little glare. Glare can dazzle and considerably reduce the effectiveness of the emitted light.
3. It has the lighting fixtures carefully installed to maximize their effectiveness on the
targeted property and minimize their adverse impact beyond the property borders.
Positioning of fixtures is very important. Even well-shielded fixtures placed on tall poles at a
property boundary can cast a lot of light onto neighboring properties. This "light trespass"
greatly reduces and invades privacy, and is difficulty to resolve after the installation is
complete.
Fixtures should be positioned to give adequate uniformity of the illuminated area. A few bright
fixtures (or ones that are too low to the ground) can often create bright "hot spots" that make
the less-lit areas in-between seem dark. This can create a safety problem. When lighting signs,
position the lights above and in front of the sign, and keep the light restricted to the sign area;
overlit signs are actually harder to read. Buildings ought to be similarly lit in a way to offer an
attractive, safe environment without overkill.
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Good Neighbor Outdoor Lighting Page 3 of 11
4. It uses fixtures with high-efficiency lamps,while still considering the color and quality as
essential design criteria. -
High-efficiency lamps used for.lighting not only save energy-which is good for a cleaner
environment,-but reduce operating costs. Most high-efficiency lamps last a long time,
reducing costly maintenance. Highly-efficient fixtures usually cost more initially,but the
payback time is very short, and such fixtures will save you lots of money in a short time.
Balancing against high-efficiency,though,.is:the quality of the light:emitted..In some
applications,the yellow light cast by low-pressure (LPS) or high-pressure(HPS) sodium lamps
may not be as desirable as a less-efficient,but much whiter,compact-fluorescent, metal-halide,
or even incandescent light source. In other applications, color is not of importance, and LPS or
HPS lamps do a very good job at very low cost. Well-designed shielded lights can usually be
lower in wattage, saving even more energy and money. They will actually light an area better
than unshielded lights of higher output,because they make use of all the light rather than
wasting some (or much) of it.
Why are these characteristics so important? How do they factor into a design?
Good lighting means that we save energy and money, and we avoid hassles. A quality lighting job
makes a "good neighbor." And we have a safer and more secure nighttime environment.
Always remember that lighting should benefit people. Controlled, effective, efficient lighting at a
home or business will enhance the beauty,while providing visibility, safety, and security. Poorly-
installed, bright lighting is offensive and gives a very poor image.
EXAMPLES OF SOME
COMMON LIGHTING FIXTURES
POOR GOOD
1 , , ,.y41 �.•- .•/,
1,T F 1 f 4 M ♦ ,•
Y' f... 1 J l 1 J ,4, ♦ fJ1
_ 411
, 1 1 1 1 J 1
* 1 ' 1 , f
� J l l ! l l J J
4 l J 11 I ! ; 1
1 J fJ ' S f
1 !
1 1 fJ y\ 1 1
J
J
Ground-mounted Top-mounted
Billboard Floodlights Billboard Floodlights
(care fully focused onto billboard)
•
•
1 1 J
! • J
1 1
f ,
* �
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Good Neighbor Outdoor Lighting Page 4 of 11
r ,
r ,
Post-style Lamp Postertyle Lamp
(more than l,$OObsmern) (lampsetinopaque top)
EXAMPLES OF SOME
COMMON LIGHTING FIXTURES
POOR GOOD
fia'
' '. :om . ,
Typical Wall Pack" Typical'Slue Bo*"(forward Hum)
r
JJ j 4 k \ti . 4_.
Typical"Yard Light" Opaque Reflector Gimp ixs2e)
....4 , .,'
Area Flood Light , Area Flood Light with Hood
MODIFYMIG EXISTING
FIXTURES
CHANGE THIS___ _j
TO THIS... rtl'
0.: t_',,i Y Ain DOWNWARDS
r„r
k Y / K 'i:
�•FLOODLIGHT
CHANGE THIS... +"'
TO THIS...
t JnstaUYWSOR
a —
It*Ai3 I-n•fltr
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Good Neighbor Outdoor Lighting Page 5 of 11
W ALLYA41i
CHANGE THIS...
TO THIS... Vi TO THIS... if
_
r
YARD uc nrr OPAQUE:REFLECTOR SIIOEBOX
Some Thoughts on Cost: Money Talks!
There are many cheap lighting fixtures available from most discount warehouse stores and
from electrical suppliers. Are these good deals?
• Most cheap fixtures have poor control of the light output, and they produce a lot of glare. It
usually takes better and more-costly internal reflectors to get light out without glare and to give
better light distribution. Modifying installed fixtures to reduce glare, or installing more fixtures
to better coverage can be expensive.
• Cheap fixtures often have inefficient lamps and short lamp life, so they use far more energy
than needed. Paying for more electricity than needed is expensive, as is the higher maintenance
costs of these so-called "cheap" fixtures.
Some cost comparisons
5 YEAR OPERATING
COST
FEMME COST $570
- TOTAL
$432
TOTAL
$260
- SAVED
$310
al rs TOTAL
KC A
t o a $540
o $307 o
A $422 SAVED A
$115 $210
TOTAL
$10 ,'
300 WATT QUARTZ 28 WATT COMPACT 175 WATT MERCURY 70 WATT HIGH PRES.
HALOGEN FLUORESCENT VAPOR SODIUM CUT-OFF
FLOODLIGHT FLOODLIGHT SECURITY LIGHT SECURITY LIGHT
SIGN LIGHT AREA LIGHT
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Good Neighbor Outdoor Lighting. Page 6 of 11
Some Basic Considerations
• Always remember that lighting should benefit people. Controlled, effective, efficient lighting at
your home or business will enhance the surroundings and give a sense of safety and security.
People don't appreciate poorly-installed, overly-bright lighting.
• Check your site at night before installing lighting and note the existing light levels. If the area
has low levels of lighting,then modest levels of light will work well for you and will fit more
hospitably in the neighborhood.
• Try to keep the lighting uniform and reduce glare as much as possible. Lights that make bright
"hot spots" and ones that have glare make it hard to see well - especially for older people.
• Be aware that light fixtures can have different lighting patterns. (Some patterns are long and
narrow light cones,while others are more symmetrical.) Some fixtures have internal
adjustments that can change the lighting pattern to a modest extent. Pick the right pattern for
your job.
• Consider using lights that turn on by motion detection.Not only will you reap big savings in
operating costs, but you will have a far more effective security light due to its "instant-on"
characteristics.Note that these lights can also be turned on manually. These light fixtures are
not expensive, and they use very little energy. Higher-priced motion-detection units will prove
more reliable.
Manufacturers and Suppliers
A Selection of Manufacturers and Suppliers of Good Lighting Equipment
• Any lamp -no matter how faint-can be annoying in certain circumstances, so it is encouraged
that all outdoor lights be fully shielded. However,with fixtures that use dsMMling lamps
(typically all HPS, mercury vapor, and metal-halide lamps, and clear incandescent lamps of
150 watts or greater), the requirement for shielding is imperative. Here is a list of some good
lighting fixtures, with manufacturers or suppliers names,product numbers, and addresses (with
telephone numbers in parentheses).
Please note that this is not a comprehensive list of all good lighting fixtures; these are a sample
of those fixtures that have come to the attention of NELPAG as of the winter of 1995. As other
quality fixtures are brought to our attention,they will be included in future updates. Please do
give us your suggestions.
ABOLITE: 10000 Alliance Road; Cincinnati, OH 45242 (513-793-8875)
GENLYTE P.O..Box 129; Union,NJ 07083 (908-964-7000)
GENERAL ELECTRIC: Hendersonville,NC 28739 (800-626-2000)
GUTH LIGHTING: 2615 Washington Blvd.; St. Louis, MO 63103 (314-533-3200)
HADCO: P.O. Box 128; Littlestown, PA 17340 (717-359-7131)
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formation Sheet 122 (May 1997) Page 1 of 3
Examples of Good and Bad Lighting Fixtures
Information Sheet 122,May 1997
International Dark-Sky Association
• ;'-4 •- 3225 N.First Ave.,Tucson,AZ 85719 U.S.A.
E-mail:idaCdarkskv.org
f ' -- WWW:http://www.darksky.org
solid
LJ ;-� top A' niZz-i .1`
x r - ` i, aae„
.lr, Ti . .
GOOD Even post- . - _
top ornamental GOOD The , „.,,, ° ;
fixtures, like this Yorktown, another 4. °
Salem Cutoff from ornamental from BAD Non-cutoff
GE Lighting, can be Emery Fixtures, fixtures like this
cutoff with clear also has clear "acorn" ornamental
panels and panels and bulb cause light
lamp/reflector located above for
P maximum glare and pollution.
located above.
spill light control.
r a' "gym.
GOOD Flat-lens
cobra head fixtures, GOOD This new BAD The
like this American generation of flat-
Electric Series 125 lens cobra head ubiquitous drop-
Roadway Cutoff fixture from lens cobra head
luminaire,provide American Electric, luminaire produces
excellent roadway call the DuraStar a level of glare and
lighting with 2000,provides uplight that is both
greatly reduced superior lighting unacceptable and
glare and no uniformity at unnecessary.
uplight. standard mounting
heights and
spacings.
http://www.darksky.org/ida/ida 2/info122.htm1 01/07/2000
:information Sheet 122 (May 1997) Page 2 of 3
• .q'S,1 %
GOOD The Hubbell
Skycap turns any BAD NEMA head
GOOD Many standard NEMA style fixtures are
existing dusk-to- head light into a very inefficient,
dawn security lights full-cutoff light sending about 20%
and residential with wide area of the light upward
streetlights can be coverage. and another 20%
retrofitted with the horizontally
Hubbell Skycap. outward, creating
glare.
)r- „, -vt-,,---.' :
. ,kJ'1 ' ., ,
GOOD Flat-lens its' 1 BAD (sometimes)
" The telltale sag lens
shoebox fixtures MI Aim x 1• e., gives this luminaire
come in many GOOD Post-top away as a possible
forms; square, problem. If the lens
rectangular, flat-lens shoebox
g fixtures like this is clear and very
circular, etc. All shallow, and the
control the light one provide good
g area illumination bulb wattage is not
with internal without light too high,this type
reflectors. Glare and of light can cover a
light trespass are pollution. wider area without
minimized;no too much glare or
uplight is produced. uplight,but beware!
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+`j r Information Sheet 122 (May 1997) Page 3 of 3
-„-,
11 1.1It.
GOOD Full-cutoff --i. '1
wall packs such as .� , ,,...,Ali.k
this mcPhilben 101 `` '
Wall Sconce make GDOD Recessed
canister lights built
excellent entryway into the eaves or
and building canopy of a house BAD Wall packs
perimeter lights, garage, or other ' like this should
and there is enough building is the first never be used. They
forward throw that choice for lighting produce enormous
adequate lighting is building exteriors. glare and uplight.
provided for near-
building parking.
^g
i_lir !::::.'''''''';'- 1.'2,1-fikkk'L'I.-J11-.::::::!p,9;.:
4r-
j
_
6� i
GOOD If e , ,
floodlights must be
used,they should
always have top and GOOD Even sports BAD Unshielded
side shielding, and lighting can be done floodlights provide
be pointed at least well, if one uses a trashy "prison
45 °below the cutoff light fixtures yard" look and
horizontal. such as these from should not be used.
Soft Lighting
Systems.
Go back to the IS list
Go back to the IDA homepage
01/07/2000
http://www.darksky.org/ida/ida_2/infol22.html
F.S. 1997 F.S. 1997 THEFT, ROBBERY, AND RELATED CRIMES Ch.812
JRCHASE (c) A wrecker, car hauler, or other motor vehicle (e) Window signage that allows a clear and unob-
:oply to per- that is knowingly used or has been used to convey or structed view from outside the building and in a normal
subject of a transport a stolen motor vehicle or major component line of sight of the cash register and sales transaction
e lessee to part. area.
-y or equip- Hlstory.—s.49.ch.87.243;s.72.ch.95-211. (f) Height markers at the entrance of the conven-
812.1701 Short title.—Sections 812.1701-812.175 fence business which display height measures.
may be cited as the "Convenience Business Security hangd at all) times after
m P t policy to limit the cash on
11ins; penal- Act." m.
History.—s. t,ch.92•103. (2) A convenience business shall not have window
tinting that reduces exterior or interior view in a normal
ig, storage 812.171 Definition.—As used in this act, the term line of sight.
ie or more "convenience business" means any place of business (3) Every convenience business shall be equipped
tering, dis- that is primarily engaged in the retail sale of groceries, with a silent alarm to law enforcement or a private
-.sealing or or both groceries and gasoline, and that is open for security agency, unless application for an exemption is
:nicle or of business at any time between the hours of 11 p.m.and made to and granted by the Attorney General.An appli-
or vehicle; 5 a.m. The term "convenience business" does not cation for exemption must be in writing and must be
:r vehicles include: accompanied by an administrative fee of$25 for each ,
-lent parts (1) A business that is solely or primarily a restau- store for which an exemption would apply.
ent. rant. (4) If a murder, robbery,sexual battery,aggravated
of the fol- (2) A business that always has at least five employ- assault, aggravated battery, or kidnapping or false
:ardless cif ees on the premises after 11 p.m. and before 5 a.m. imprisonment, as those crimes are identified and
including (3) A business that has at least 10,000 square feet defined by Florida Statutes, occurs or has occurred at
-ts; frame of retail floor space. a convenience business since July 1, 1989, and arises
tops;rear The term"convenience business"does not include any out of the operation of the convenience business, that
oor panel business in which the owner or members of his or her convenience business shall implement at least one of
Dntinuous family work between the hours of 11 p.m. and 5 a.m. the following security measures:
History.—s.3,ch.90-346:s.2.ch.92.103;s.1243.ch.97.102. (a) Provide at least two employees on the premises
in, upon, at all times after 11 p.m. and before 5 a.m.;
oe trans- 812.172 Intent.—The Legislature finds that the pro- (b) Install for use by employees at all times after 11
is self- visions of this act are intended to prevent violent crimes p.m. and before 5 a.m. a secured safety enclosure of
Dy a self- and thereby to protect employees and the consumer transparent polycarbonate or other material that meets
all other public at late-night convenience businesses. It is the at least one of the following minimum standards:
.ut which further intent of the Legislature that security standards 1. American Society for Testing and Materials
:ding but for late-night convenience businesses be uniform Standard D3935 (classification PC110 B 3 0800700)
els. throughout this state. and that has a thickness of at least 0.375 inches and
-aces, or History•—s.4.ch.90346;s.3,ch.92.103. has an impact strength of at least 200 foot pounds; or
id abets 812.1725 Preemption.—A political subdivision of 2. Underwriters Laboratory Standard UL 752 for
acting a this state may not adopt, for convenience businesses medium power small arms (level one), Bullet Resisting
,
Equipment;
ce, pun- security standards which differ from those contained in
3, or s. (c) Provide a security guard on the premises at all
ss. 812.173 and 812.174, and all such differing stand- times after 11 p.m. and before 5 a.m.;
ards, whether existing or proposed, are hereby pre- (d) Lock the business premises throughout the
convic- empted and superseded by general law, except any p.m. g
-nay be hours of 11 to 5 a.m., and onlytransact business
ler of a local ordinance in effect prior to September 1988 and through an indirect pass-through trough, trapdoor, or
-ponent determined by the Department of Legal Affairs to pro- window; or
already vide more stringent security standards than those con- (e) Close the business at all times after 11 p.m.and
for any tained in ss. 812.173 and 812.174 shall not be pre- before 5 a.m.
• of the empted and superseded by general law for period of (5) For purposes of this section, any convenience
2 years from December 31, 1992.
;titution History.—s.4.ch.92-103. business that by law implemented any of the security
or fine 1 ��,------- '""` ----- ~ measures set forth in paragraphs(4)(a)through(e)and
i 812.173 Convenience business security: .1 has maintained Said measures as required by the
Dject to ! (1) Every convenience business shall be equipped j Department of Legal Affairs without any occurrence or
with the following security devices and standards: 's incidence of the crimes identified by subsection(4)for
Donent ' i , (a) A security camera system capable of recording } a period of no less than 24 months immediately preced-
-vehi- 1 and retrieving an image to assist in offender identifica- 4 ing the filing of a notice of exemption, may file with the
obable tion and apprehension. I department a notice of exemption from these enhanced
•e true i (b A drop safe or cash management device for I security measures. In no event shall this exemption be
r ricted access to cash receipts. J interpreted to preclude full compliance with the security
evice, i / (c) A lighted parking lot illuminated at an intensity measures set forth in subsection(4)should any occur-
ring, i of at least 2 foot-candles per square foot at 18 inches rence or incidence of the crimes identified by subsec-
con- j above the surface. 1 tion (4) cause subsection (4) to be statutorily applica-
•vehi- j (d) A conspicuous notice at the entrance which ble. As of the date this act becomes law, the Depart-
) states that the cash register contains $50 or less. �J ment of Legal Affairs will provide notice to any conven-
1
1 -- 4' — f 1677
t
Lots of risk 1 r
Parking facilities challenge security • . ' --,
-- _
By KERRY LYDON first security defense. Number one on -- -
ARG's 1994 survey of consumer's most- - _ , ,
wanted security solutions: -very brightly -
:all it the dark side of store manage- lit parking lots.-Some respondents even -
-it: parking lots today are risky busi- advocate posting video cameras in lots. .
s. Outdoor lighting boosts business in -
Dne in five crimes that spawn semi- several ways, according to the "
elated lawsuits occur in parking lots. Washington-based National Lighting -
.0-year analysis of trial data shows that Bureau's free overview -Lighting for Nighttime visitors to the Torn Thumb supermarket and Barnes It Noble bookstore in north-
ne 30 percent of assault and battery Safety and Security." east Dallas pull into a parking lot with footcandle lighting levels In clews of 50,about 10
;es,20 percent of robberies,14 percent First, it deters or at least displaces times that of a typical mall.Robert'flraiy,director of marketing at C-E.W,Lighting.Dallas,
wrongful deaths and as many rape crime to more dimly lit locations. said the store has four 10o0-watt lights on each 30-ft.high pole.Sparing is about 120 feet
sea occurred in parking lots. Second, it promotes safety by illuminat- between poles.Shoppers seem to approve,he said.
The news for retailers is especially ing steps, puddles, walkways and even
m.According to-Major Developments pedestrians. Third, facade lighting of According to the NLB,the mall surveyed basic property management tactics.
Premises Security Liability,"the 10-year exterior windows, doors and entrances shoppers on their lighting preferences "Post warning signs indicating that the
idy compiled by Liability Consultants makes it easy to spot unlawful entry. and installed new outdoor metal halide lot is for customers only," said security
c., Framingham, MA, more than 40 Trade groups are rallying around lamps. If mall management measured a consultant Jerry Brandt, Risk Prevention
_rcent of security lawsuits against retail lighting as a relatively low-cost security return on the investment only in terms of Group, Chicago. 'Specify that violators
Id mall owners were filed because of �c'ntial and are increasing recommend energy savings, payback would have will be towed and that no loitering is
akin lot crimes. Further, one in three ed lighting levels for retailers,____----„ taken dose to 100 years. allowed. Then you're legally protected
g me But management factored in faster andpolice have somethingto enforce.'
ises resulted in a judgment against the The American Society for Industrial „ B
:tail owner.The average settlement: a Security,Arlington,VA,recommends a} snow removal, increased sales, reduced Limit loitering and vandalism by keep
-
:tail • to 5-footcandle minimum maintained )vandalism and a 55,000 annual savings ing lots clean and free of broken glass.
The toll is putting the brakes on busi- evenly throughout a lot.Other shopping on security patrols--all of which cost-jus- Replace broken light fixtures immediate
ess. center groups are increasing standards to I titled the new lighting, ly, even if the city or municipality pro
"Going anywhere at night is the num- the 5-to 6-footcandle range.As a guide, Similarly, studies in the restaurant vides lot lighting. Keep calling until the
:er one fear of shoppers," said Britt that's enough light to read a newspaper industry show that some outlets with city or utility fixes the light, " Brand
leemer, director of America's Research comfortably anywhere in the lot, improved lighting increased nighttime advised"Jot down when you called ant
group (ARG), Charleston, SC, a con- `But uniformity is the critical issue in J sales as much as 40 percent. who you calked to in case you're
•urner research firm that studies the 1 lighting,"said a marketing representative To be sure,lighting isn't the only sales dragged into a lawsuit later."
;mlxaet of crime.Almost half of all shop-I at lSI Industries, Cincinnati. 'A 2-ft. can- 1 or security solution, and too much can Another tip:tow abandoned cars fron
:sirs surveyed said that walking in large die minimum,for example,means a unn- ) make a store look like a car dealership, your facility, Berndt said; "They attrac
narking lots frightens them. Despite' form light level and some states are now f When the need for brighter lighting pits more abandoned cars, then people sea,
nationwide reports of slowing crime actually legislating uniformity as a r security against marketing concerns, sleeping in them,and pretty soon you'r
aces,that fear of crime factors into a star-( requirement around convenience stores experts advise retailers co build a consen- finding bodies in the trunk—no kidding
:ling 35 percent drop in retail sales after 6�and automatic teller machines." sus and establish agreeable lighting stan- For added safety, provide walkwa}
p.m. over the last four years, according "Store's can achieve lighting unift pity dards for all stores in a chain. and sidewalks that run parallel to traffi
:o ARG. with vertically oriented lamps, experts Don't force pedestrians to cross roar
Even packed,patrolled and well-man- say, with sockets in the top vs. the side Words of warning near barriers or walk in the roadway i
aged lots can be a business loss. fixt
Parking- of the ure,sparing some 50 percent of Lighting is an obvious and affordable access the store.
:elated operations generate a whopping light that otherwise falls to the ground choice CO improve parking,but it doesn't Such efforts won't quell crime cor
526 billion annually in revenues, accord- uncontrolled. Often such vertical lamps take the place of officer patrols, score pletely,but they II go a long way to coo
:rig to estimates from MasterCard allow more light with fewer poles and alarms, surveillance systems and some ing it to a darker spot down the street.
international. But businesses lose an esti- fixtures. Jf 4 I. r, f
mate five percent to 10 percent Of Iliac Most stores use white light such as :' L'O - r `f
s r
ady sum—perhaps as much as 3_ bil- metal halide,which is brighter and usual- FIC r J j�
on—to mismanagement, errors and Iv provides better color rendition than ;a, b'e Belt tp; t .�� J s.it5t� rvp°
general shrinkage. high pressure sodium lights. Retrp_Ctp - p,uoceoa
When cost makes improved lighting a i� Y Afwrodo's retraceable be
Lighting the way tough sell to upper management,consid- _, smndtas provide efectise on
Consumers and experts alike point to er the experience of the Fairmount Fair arnztrrc barns cal pawl)
improved parking lot lighting as a store's Mall in suburban Syracuse, NY. "r — tag fa my red aro
{ the ESCORT adarn fa do desc
ei try type of layout without Lai
Five steps to more secure property = 1
n,le • ercersve Aux;axe a mwn
.. cosrly odcpras.the ESCORT a r
I. Public telephones: Pay phones can sources say. • - aaly remoctable belt stauhin
mean money in the pocket of a proper- Supermarkets should add fencing to Ii use colored tin strips as a are
tv owner, but they also attract loiterers protect their trash areas and patrol the - to the many post, belt a
and are an instant office for illegal deal- back lot as well as the front. - de oraoK meta(cabs mkt
ings. Property managers advise you to f4»se canton ex( Cusron
move public phones inside the store for -a. High risk neighbors: Sharing a Service Deportment fa m
a 4 '• inkei nix 1.
greater control and fewer after-hours parking lot with game arcades, check ;,? -
t. aiiii
w,,mcs.:�lui,mist Icioal phone conipa- gashing services and liquor stores per- .. �'���� ,tlr.r.r.
flies arc willing to cum off service dur- seats a higher risk fur robbery and 'l , ��«>'�+
ing late night hours, or restrict the sales-inhibiting loitering.Work with the : . ' .;- Att °'r"sr"
phone to outgoing calls only. other store managers to establish rea• A. rtuacda.rsr«caau+r
sonable hours of operation and security ` (+a)r+r retr r.■(roe/el>f
_•.� ( J 2Hru Cl,(J00)IW
2. Automatic teller machines: as needed--even if it means stationing
Attracting With the haves and the have- a guard outside on weekends.When all not.;,:i l?h should be well lit and away the fails, enlist the property owner to •Turnstiles •Post&Rails
tit nu cars or heavy landscaping amend lease agreements as needed. RQ � ■Gores-Manual IS Eleckit •Sneeze Guards
N ■Queuing Systems •Partition Posts
.i. 'l'rasls patrol: In urban areas vexed 5. tits Stops:-They bring crime,"said on ■Case Protection ■Brass 8 Derorafire facto,with food and shelter shortages, mall manager.-Do what you can to keep Equipment Products
vagrants tend to find a home in laundry client away from main entrances and
mans and grocery store donrpsters, make them brightly lit."
Circle 37 on Product Info Card
m/
���mOCO_
opoo, hop r •.
•
, r`i , , ,- . ,
a ';
11 1 11 • ' - I. I. - ., ,'t ,. { • . - Photos courtesy of J& ndustr• s
t _ r.f .
•
•
. F r L
:,b:.110t • • for Lighting Upgrades `
• ' ,.-- el, .,- can see well enough to pump gas,but is that •
eno tZma'are:rases it might be — when you're the only .
., (( intowni�'i 4d�o�•n't have to be flashy But if you're trying
z— = t:' ` '`-( •:,1 r:,11„l :"ii-other"stations, eye-catching lighting '� J'
r i i J.• ,•-it' • rmi you change brands or need _' n „ •• f •r '
' ;
• '' rJ r . t (( -(!. •Snean chat you can't ja77 it up. ,41+ r-s` t r
4.r ( {�,cTtt�, uit a (• �L v x ,
; ,�,.L,r i,y K�t. ffic;cut operating expenses and _;, `n$ Y' _'; ',� s }�` • '•' ..
�r,(nt ,: ii t .ram.= '*►' - '';''''' _ i1V :11. ..:y.4r..r.,,fi•,, r`'.. �,..,zrg4.r Kt..• . r-1'1
:, Fe!rtiYY-'� _ Df S�Cltrlty.
°:" 'e!. : t sure thatyour lighting s stem is
t»=���.. g Y does it create the perception that this facility is clean,ready for
':,do -11r�_-.you-va.nt it to do,says Scott Ready, vice president business, open, safe and secure.
t --, , _r,�f.-'. 2&earar:_tlivision, for LSI Industries Inc., Bch primary lighting strategy to choose depends upon a
Y
�'`=�";.."``N) ry station's goals.If you are the only station for 200 miles and are
•
.'ci a-ti. s"1.r ,t i ers;lhat lighting. provides different m a safe area, task lighting may be just about enough. In other
•r P. e ` :'"':il..;''? ' e:,typically.recommend considering areas,safety and security may be the primary goals of a station
-'?'+. , :3.1h; .;.ifd\4L .91lghttng:' OW
• t21.,.. .• "is : �. quantity of light,depending on In most areas, though, competition dictates the strategy—
r `'�''' `4`FAccording to Ready, the three levels of r
.'.. .,; ,- • h.::;:•n_. stations need something to help them jump out and attract
passing cars-The investment is larger for merchandising light-
ii4'►tOt.. .,• be lowest levels of light required to do the ing, but marketers can look on the "bright.' side—if you have
�..� (.�r' '(:•'3iOzzle,read the directions and tun fuel.
f '��::ia;•,%�-t``�s�1•k_�},_,�.',,.,,-;,,, .„, .,•, P P enough lights to showcase your site and draw customers.
1 :.4�--.�, tr -'"1(sebasics;..� ,.-.,. . ;,e _+1�• • the second goal of lighting'is to ; you ve probablyaccomplished our other goals as well.
�tri': - Ki—:14`•(•.fsecurefeelin s,not just for customers but y P "
, .=,.-- ,-- cw .- _ ge--'- though, Rea y says, is tom e sure you take into
" l'"�r"'.iLti;; ; � account every category when you're building or upgrading your
'' ,; .b. (� i l ►..(, Thispushes lighting to the highest levels. : lighting system.
_�• = `7s�= 1 .x. r,.to create an eye-catching image that wiii j "The problem is, people judge just one category[ he says.
' ' • ode FPertY _ "Some peoy, You have way too much light to pump gas.'
it *eneral;'task requires minimum quantity and quality," But they're not thinking about customers walking across the site
• ram,.,;
Ready.`says:-"For merchandising, on the other hand, we're to the c-store."
going to address quality first—how does it attract attention."
- •For-merchandising; simply having enough light for cus- Determining cost
*lom'ers,to•see W-hat-they're doing isn't the main goal. When When evaluating your system, it's also important to take
aiighting`system to attract customers, it's how does into account total cost of ownership. not just the cost of new
glook'how does it make the canopy look and how units. It may cost money to upgrade, but those costs may be
}
•;� _:•• - "'.".- `_•- ._.. ..._ •----...-_._._
41%;:r... ..u o+.,....' March 1999
f information Sheet 122 (May 1997) Page 1 of 3
Examples of Good. and Bad Lighting Fixtures
Information Sheet 122,May 1997
- . International Dark-Sky Association
3225 N.First Ave.,Tucson,AZ 85719 U.S.A.
,('`_•..`: - E-mail:ida�darkskv.org
-',r1 -- WWW:http://www.darksky.org
solid
Ak
a r. top ,4 67z,,--_,-.:.7-:, ..
a'
r...:
11'-- VII r TV:
GOOD Even post- A -
top ornamental GOOD The ,
fixtures, like this Yorktown, another
Salem Cutoff from ornamental from BAD Non-cutoff
GE Lighting, can be Emery Fixtures, fixtures like this
cutoff with clear also has clear "acorn" ornamental
panels and panels and bulb cause light
lamp/reflector located above for pollution.
located above. maximum glare and
spill light control.
, g
v.
a- , , _ :
GOOD Flat-lens
cobra head fixtures, GOOD This new
like this American generation of flat- BAD The
Electric Series 125 lens cobra head ubiquitous drop-
Roadway Cutoff fixture from lens cobra head
luminaire,provide American Electric, luminaire produces
excellent roadway call the DuraStar a level of glare and
lighting with 2000,provides uplight that is both
greatly reduced superior lighting unacceptable and
glare and no uniformity at unnecessary.
uplight. standard mounting
heights and
spacings.
http://www.darksky.org/ida/ida 2/info122.html 01/07/2000
7
Information Sheet 122 (May 1997) Page 2 of 3
l
.....ti
41
f ' - ;.LYl'
14,
GOOD The Hubbell
Skycap turns any BAD NEMA head
GOOD Many standard NEMA style fixtures are
existing dusk-to- -. head light into a very inefficient,
dawn security lights full-cutoff light sending about 20%
and residential with wide are_a of the light upward
streetlights can be coverage. and another 20%
retrofitted with the horizontally
Hubbell Skycap. outward, creating
glare.
.fin.
5 ',.,1
i� B.4D (sometimes)
GOOD Flat-lens '= The telltale sag lens
shoebox fixtures i it Him t e•i-=Y,- gives this luminaire
come in many GOOD Post-top away as a possible
forms; square, flat-lens shoebox . problem. If the lens
rectangular, is clear and very
circular, etc. All fixtures like this shallow, and the control the light one provide goodarea illumination bulb wattage is not
with internal without light too high,this type
reflectors. Glare and of light can cover a
light trespass are pollution. wider area without
minimized;no too much glare or
uplight is produced. uplight, but beware!
http://www.darksky.org/ida/ida 2/infol22.html 01/07/2000
• i Information Sheet 122 (May 1997) Page 3 of 3
1 ° T,I'::-. % .1r141.--....;;;----_-:-.---:::::::c7.4,
, , vi:::,,, ..,.- -7-..f.-;,,,,,„,4---A,
i 1•Xt. J.Ili I 1 ti;- ,
GOOD Full-cutoff f - k'lr,
wall packs such as "
this mcPhilben 101 ° 14 r.
GOOD Recessed
Wall Sconce make canister lights built
excellent entryway into the eaves or
and building canopy of a house, BAD Wall packs
perimeter lights, . garage, or other like this should
and there is enough building is the first never be used. They
forward throw that choice for lighting produce enormous
adequate lighting is building exteriors. glare and uplight.
provided for near-
building parking.
J
e_.1'-02d C e mat
fr
$? f`
rawq ,,,,,, ,,,44,
GOOD If 1 ,
floodlights must be
�
used,they should
always have top and GOOD Even sports BAD Unshielded
side shielding, and i lighting can be done floodlights provide
be pointed at least well, if one uses a trashy "prison
45 ° below the cutoff light fixtures yard" look and
horizontal. such as these from should not be used.
Soft Lighting
Systems..
Go back to the IS list
Go back to the IDA homepage
http://www.darksky.org/iddida_2/infol22.html 01/07/2000
LOCAL LIGHT LEVELS
The following light level measurements (in footcandles) were taken on February 2, 2000
and represent spot readings at representative locations. These readings are singular
and are not based upon computed values over the entire site using an average of
multiple readings.
Plantation Grove Shopping Center
Publix 1.0 Ave./2.5 @ Bldg. Entry
First Union 3.0 Ave.
Mobil Station 41.0 Max./5.0 @ Bldg. Entry
Blackwood and State Road 50
Health Central Parking Lot 1.5 Ave.
Suntrust 2.0 Ave.
Hudson's - 5.0 Ave.
West Oaks Mall
West Oaks Square 1.0 Ave. /9.0 Max.
Dillard's Parking Lot 1.5 Ave.
AMC Parking Lot 2.0 Ave. /5.5 Max.
Border's Parking Lot 3.0 Ave. /7.0 Max.
Good Homes and State Road 50
Publix 1.0 Ave. /4.5 Max.
Burger King 4.0 Ave. / 15.0 Max.
Circuit City of Ocoee 4.0 Ave.
Lowe's 3.0 Ave. / 12.0 Max.
Olympia Square Shopping Center
Winn-Dixie Parking Lot 3.0 Ave.
First National Bank 7.0 Ave.
EXXON 5.0 Ave. /45.0 Max.
Gas Stations
Little Champ-Silver Star&Apopka-Vineland 45.0 Max.
Shiner's- Dorsher & State Road 50 45.0 Max.
Amoco-Maguire Road & State Road 50 41.0 Max.
Shell -Maguire Road &State Road 50 42.0 Max.
7-11 - Bluford & State Road 50 40.0 Max.
City Hall
Parking Lot 1.0 Ave.
Commission Chambers 40.0 Ave. (inside)
Office Lighting 50.0 Ave. (inside)
O:\CALEXANDER\ALL DATA\CAPDFILE\FORMS\2000 FORMS\FORMS00019.doc
MINUTES OF THE PLANNING AND ZONING COMMISSION
REGULAR MEETING HELD TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 8, 2000
I. CALL TO ORDER
The meeting was called to order by Chairman Bond at 7:32 p.m. A moment of silent
meditation was followed by the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag. The role was called and a
quorum was declared present.
PRESENT: Chairman Bond, Vice-Chairman Switzer, Members Landefeld, McKey, McNeil,
Matthys, Miller and Rhodus. Also present were Assistant City Attorney Formella,
Planning Director Wagner, and Administrative Secretary Dawson. ,A
ABSENT: Member Christoefl.
II. CONSENT AGENDA \\,) \
The consent agenda consisted of approval of Item A:
ITEM A: Minutes of the Planning and Zoning-C r mis isiS on Regular Meeting held on
Wednesday,January 26, 2000. 'Q
Member Matthys, seconded by Vice-Chairman Switzer;}moved to approve the consent agenda
as corrected. Motion carried 8 0 `
III. NEW BUSINESS'
ITEM A: PROPOSED UPGRADED'SITE LIGHTING STANDARDS PUBLIC HEARING
CTING AS; OCAL PLANNING AGENCY
Planning Dlrector Wagner presented the staff report recommending approval of a proposed
ordinance amending the Land Development Code pertaining to Site Lighting Standards. Staff is
focusing on trying to control the amount of glare and intensity of light, with the emphasis on
quality of lighting versus quantity.
The West Oaks Mall was used as a guide for the General Activity Standards, which is an average
of 1 foot candle average. After evaluating various commercial site plans, it was found that the 1
foot candle average was not standard within the industry. Staff was advised during the Publix
presentation that 1 foot candle was not enough and is not the industry standard for a smaller
commercial site. Staff did more research and found that a range of 3-5 foot candles is
recommended by the American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS) for retail uses. Other
sources all tended to show that for most retail uses the 4-5 foot candle range is pretty typical.
Planning and Zoning Commission Regular Meeting
February 8, 2000
The proposed ordinance provides for an adequate amount of lighting, but restricts the lighting
from going overboard. Some of the recent plans had lighting waivers that meet this future
ordinance, including Publix and Best Buy. The Illuminating Engineering Society of North
America is the group of experts that formulates these standards. Data was also used from The
International Dark Sky Association regarding lighting ordinances to minimize the amount of
unwarranted ambient light going up to the sky
The proposed ordinance primarily address two issues: glare and level of light. Glare is the worst
part of bad lighting. Different methods of glare control were described, including types and
locations of fixtures, shields and bulbs. 7
The proposed ordinance fills a gap while trying to create a balance, and is sun ,to s g`ricontrol
regulation. Overlighting makes it difficult to drive and creates glare and clutter:'Retailers are
now using bright lighting as a method of marketing to get attention` Convenience stores, gas
stations and car dealerships use lighting as marketing. The�.propoke4i`ordu nve standards are
substantially less than what these.retailers are used to but businesses wit bright lights will have
other businesses wanting to match them. ,,,
The members asked various questions about roadside billboards, reflection glare, grandfathering
of existing lighting, security cameras, energy c nservafion nd average candle foot versus
maximum candle foot measurements
< W
The public hearing was opened/.. . A;
Fred Leonhardt of Grays Har�is &,Rob ' on, P.A. appeared on behalf of the automobile industry
for the Saturn dealership./He statedthat he had with him Jim Snyder, the executive manager of
Saturn Retail ,Rick Feuerste contractor• Scott Gentry & Jack Hawkins, professional engineers;
a ' °' � -�. �,� , ' a g ,
Jeff Hutchinson,Lighting: ystems, Inc.; and James Johnson of Gray, Harris &Robinson, P.A.
, '
Mr. Leonhardt;stated that they agree with the spirit of this ordinance and want to work with city.
However, they'do have a waiver application in and want to encourage a modest modification. He
stated that an automobile dealership is unique in that they have 3 million dollars of inventory
outdoors, and customers need light to study and examine the inventory. He stated that the 5 foot
candle average is okay if time averaging is allowed, but that they are requesting 15 foot candles
on 90% of the site and 65 foot candles on 10% of the site.
Jeff Hutchinson of Lighting Systems, Inc., a lighting manufacturer. He stated that he and his
company specialize in automotive lighting. Typically the front row lighting in automobile
dealerships is in the 80-110 foot candles as a maximum and an average of 60-70 foot candles.
The levels in the proposed ordinance are a little different from what he usually sees.
2
Planning and Zoning Commission Regular Meeting
February 8, 2000
Mr. Hutchinson discussed types of outdoor fixtures, hot spots, and forward throw reflectors. He
stated that the key is uniformity and adequate lighting to accomplish the task. He discussed
maximum and average lighting and addressed questions about good and bad lighting.
Jim Snyder spoke on behalf of Saturn. He stated that they close their stores at 9:00 p.m. and
they reduce their lights after 11 p.m. He stated that the public is allowed to walk around in their
parking lot after closing and that they have very little vandalism He stated that their pole height
is 26 feet and the proposed ordinance allows for a maximum of 30 feet.
Chairman Bond stated that this was not a waiver request for a site plan hearing, but a public
hearingon the proposed ordinance and directed the meetingback to addres,sin the pro osed
P P °� P P
ordinance only. ,
In response to questions from the Board, PlanningDirector Wagner addressed the t me averaging
P g �, �.-
issue. He stated that the proposed ordinance does not allow time averaging:or other alternate
methods of light measurement to prevent elaborate calculations and to'keep things simple. Jim
Snyder stated that if time averaging is not allowed then.(Saturn is requesting 10 foot candle
average and 65 foot candle maximum. )
There being no further comments from the audience, the public.hearing was closed.
A discussion ensued concerning glare. proaching..�the site from the west. Vice-Chairman
Switzer stated that the Good HomeslS'.R 50 intersection is already a dangerous intersection and
lighting as proposed by Saturn will increase the danger of that intersection. He stated that he
wants commercial development on S R:. 50to have a nice appearance. The activity center
ordinance and this proposed lighlmg ordinance will help achieve that and he supports the
ordinance as written 1,,
Member Matth s asked about the grandfathering of Saturn'spending application. Assistant City
� � � .�* � PP
Attorney Formella stated that they have a waiver pending. Planning Director Wagner stated that
the current light ordinance is only 1 candle foot, which is lower than the proposed ordinance. He
stated that staff`supports a waiver up to the proposed ordinance's level and no higher. Planning
Director Wagner also stated said that time averaging gets into complex calculations for average
foot candles, but determining maximum foot candles is easy, staff just goes out with a light
meter. He stated that although staff can see the validity of some bright light, Saturn's site will be
3-4 times brighter than anything else around it.
Member Matthys then asked how this ordinance compares with ordinances in other jurisdictions.
Planning Director Wagner replied that the City is on the cutting edge, since most other lighting
ordinances in Florida address wildlife and turtles. The California and the Florida west coast
ordinances deal with glare and light spillage. There are not a lot of ordinances that deal directly
3
Planning and Zoning Commission Regular Meeting
February 8, 2000
with illuminance levels. The numbers for the proposed ordinance are taken directly from the
recommendations of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. We are a pioneer
in this area and Orange County is already requesting a copy of this proposed ordinance.
Member Landefeld stated that the staff did an outstanding job on gathering data for this
ordinance. He stated that he agrees with Harold regarding the Good Homes Road intersection
and that the glare will make it worse.
Member McKey thanked Saturn for their input. He stated that the new 7-11 in Clermont has
terrible glare and that staff did a great job with this ordinance.
Chairman Bond stated that she is concerned about lighting in shopping center,parking lots and
asked if the current lighting is sufficient. Planning Director Wagner statedEtl t the malkhas the
lowest light in city at 1 foot candle average. New malls are now built v<ith °2 foots-candle
standard, and the new Publix will be in the 4-5 foot candle range. He•stated t a the ordinance
\ 1„�
does not provide a minimum lighting requirement. Chairman Bond statehould would like
a minimum lighting standard, and a discussion ensued. <,$:„--,\'' -)- V,':,,,,7"'\:,›
x' '\ % r`
There being no comments or further discussion by the,Board,
Member Landefeld, seconded by Vice-Chairman`S.witier, moved to recommend approval to
the City Commission of the adoption of"<the propdsed`.ordinance to upgrade the Site Lighting
standards as recommended by staff,_subject to establishing a minimum average of 1 foot candle as
adequate lighting. Motion carried 8-0.
=`
C'�,, �.-
IV. OLD BUSINESS \ .
None °
>:'(7 \\\"\)\\
V. OTHER BUSINESS
Assistant City Attorney Formella read Member McNeil's conflict on Forest Ridge from the
January 26, 2000 meeting into the record.
Member Rhodus asked about the status of the clearing of the southeast corner of Clarke and
Silver Star Roads. Planning Director Wagner stated that the subcontractor has already filed a
tree mitigation replanting plan to replace the trees that were cleared out. A discussion ensued
about the appearance of various schools in the County and the construction budgets for school
4
Planning and Zoning Commission Regular Meeting
February 8, 2000
construction.
VI. COMMENTS
Member McKey asked about the tree trimming by Scotty's.
Chairman Bond stated that the City Commission invited the Planning and Zoning Commission
to attend the Joint Planning Area Agreement Workshop on March 1, 2000. She urged the other
members to watch the Commission Meetings on Tuesday nights. She stated that shewas not
going to attend because at the last meeting the City Commission stated that members of the
Planning and Zoning Commission were not going to be allowed to speak t�,the �o�rkshop.
Planning Director Wagner stated that in the past there were joint worksho syand that the City
Commission is reevaluating JPA. `
Member Matthys thanked the staff for their extensive research,on the ouiace.
\ \ i
Member Miller asked about the work in progress`report`T4 discussion ensued about future
project and growth in the City. � \-:'')
:;;.
e-::, -,:' -2-1
ADJOURNMENT '`
The meeting was adjourned at 9 4 p:ni:
7/ \\ \
'.<) .=7k.s.v
Marisa Da sO'n Adrn listrative Secretary Pat Bond, Chairman
",\
5
The Orlando Sentinel,Thursday,F.d �
NOTICE `.OF AN AMENDMENT
TO THE OCOEE: LAND
DEVELOPMENT CODE
The City Commission of the City of Ocoee proposes
to adopt the following Ordinance:
AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF OCOEE, FLORIDA '
RELATING TO LANDSCAPE DESIGN STANDARDS
FOR SITE LIGHTING; AMENDING THE PROVISIONS
OF THE OCOEE LAND DEVELOPMENT CODE, CHAP-
TER 180 OF THE CODE OF ORDINANCES OF THE
CITY OF OCOEE, FLORIDA BY REVISING SECTION 6-
14(C)(2)(i) OF ARTICLE VI (AS ADOPTED BY ORDI-
NANCE NO. 99-23) RELATING TO SITE LIGHTING;
PROVIDING FOR SEVERABILITY; PROVIDING • AN
EFFECTIVE DATE.
The Ocoee City Commission will hold the first of two pub-
lic hearings concerning the proposed Ordinance on
Tuesday, March 7, 2000 at 7:15 p.m., or as soon thereafter
as practical, and the second of two public hearings con- •
• cerning the proposed Ordinance on Tuesday, March 21,
2000 at 7:15 p.m., or as soon thereafter as practical, at the
Ocoee City Commission Chambers, 150 North Lakeshore
Drive, Ocoee, Florida. The City Commission may continue
the public hearings to. other dates and times as it deems
necessary. Any interested party shall be advised that the
dates, times, and places of any continuation of these or
continued public hearings shall be announced during the
hearing and that no further notices regarding these mat-
ters will be published.
A copy of the proposed Ordinance may be inspected by
the public at the Ocoee Planning Department, 150 North
Lakeshore Drive, Ocoee, Florida, between the hours of
8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m., Monday through Friday, except
legal holidays. Interested parties may appear at the public
hearings..and be heard with respect to the proposed
Ordinance. This notice is given pursuant to Section
166.041 (3)(c), Florida Statutes.
Any person wishing to appeal any.decision made with
respect to any matter considered at the public hearings
may need a record of the proceeding and for this purpose
may need to ensure that a verbatim record of the pro-
ceedings is made which includes the testimony and evi-
dence upon which the appeal is based. Persons with dis-
abilities needing assistance to participate in any of the
proceedings should contact the City Clerk's Office 48
hours in advance of the meeting at (407).656-2322. . • g
Jean Grafton,City Clerk - Thursday,February 24,2000 and Thursday,March 9,2000 --
City of Ocoee -(Orlando Sentinel)= i
OR1 The Orlando Sentinel,Thursday,March 9,2000 1-9 I
•
NOTICE °F AN AMENDMENT'
'TO THE OCOEE .LAND 'f. •
DEVELOPMENT.CODE
. The City Commission of the City of Ocoee proposes
• to adopt the following Ordinance:
AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF OCOEE, FLORIDA
RELATING TO LANDSCAPE DESIGN STANDARDS
FOR SITE LIGHTING; AMENDING THE PROVISIONS
OF THE OCOEE LAND DEVELOPMENT CODE, CHAP-
TER 180 OF THE. CODE OF ORDINANCES OF THE
CITY OF OCOEE, FLORIDA BY REVISING SECTION 6-
14(C)(2)(i) OF ARTICLE VI (AS ADOPTED BY ORDI-
NANCE NO. 99-23) RELATING TO SITE LIGHTING;
,PROVIDING FOR SEVERABILITY; PROVIDING AN
EFFECTIVE DATE.
The Ocoee City Commission will hold the first of two pub-.:
lic hearings concerning the proposed Ordinance on.
+ Tuesday, March 7, 2000 at 7:15 p.m., or as soon thereafter
I as practical, and the second of two public hearings con-
cerning the'proposed Ordinance on Tuesday', March 21,
2000 at 7:15 p.m., or as soon thereafter as practical, at the
Ocoee City Commission Chambers, 150 North Lakeshore
Drive, Ocoee, Florida..The City Commission may continue
the public hearings to other dates and times as it deems
necessary. Any interested party shall be advised that the
dates, times,'and places of any continuation of these or
continued public hearings shall be announced during the
hearing and that no further notices regarding these mat- '
ters will be published.
•
A copy of the proposed Ordinance may be inspected by
the public at the Ocoee Planning Department, 150 North .
Lakeshore Drive, Ocoee, Florida, between the hours of
8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m., Monday through Friday, except.
legal holidays. Interested parties may appear at the public
hearings and be heard with respect to the proposed •
Ordinance. This notice. is given . pursuant to Section
166.041 (3)(c), Florida Statutes.
•
Any person wishing to appeal any decision made,with,
respect to any matter considered at the public hearings
may,need a record of the proceeding and for this purpose
may need to ensure that a verbatim record of the-pro-..
feedings is made which includes the testimony and evi-.
-dence upon,which the appeal is based. Persons with dis-
abilities needing assistance to participate in any of the _
proceedings'should contact the City Clerk's Office ;48-
.hours in advanceof:the meeting at (407) 656-2322.
Jean Grafton,City Clerk Thursday,,February 24,2000 and Thursday,March 9,2000
City of Ocoee (Orlando Sentinel)