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HomeMy WebLinkAboutII (C) SJRWMD Program Presentation Agenda 02-Ub-2UUL Item II C CENTER OF GOOD LIVING-PRIM OF WEST ORANGE" NI.MIR•COy1NNS10]GI( Ocoee S. SCOTFVANDERGRIFI CITY OF OCOEE 1I1Et R,. _ DANNY 1lOW10WELL ip °, 1S0 A LAKfSII0121'DEM SCOT9 ANDERSON ° OcoFF IIORID134761-2258 RUS IV JOHNSON �� (407)905-3100 NANCY 1 PARKER ��4e*OF G 000 F CSIM II I(407)656-6885 On NI c.aa-R 11M GLEASON December 18, 2001 Nancy Christman Intergovernmental Coordinator St. Johns River Water Management District 975 Keller Road Altamonte Springs, Florida 32714-1618 Dear Ms. Christman: I have received your letter dated December 4, 2001 , regarding a request to make a brief presentation to our City Commission, and provide an overview of the St. Johns River Water Management District. You will be scheduled under Presentations at the February 5, 2002 meeting agenda that begins at 7:15 p.m. Sincerely, Jim Gleason City Manager JG/jl Attachment c: Jean Grafton, City Clerk (w/attachment) Honorable Mayor and City Commission (w/attachment) POINT _ St. Johns River °«< e° Water Management District `smEmcs' Kllby 8 Green III.Executive Director • John n.Wehle,Assistant Executive Director David Dewey,Altamonte Springs Service Center Director 975 Keller Road • Altamonte Springs, FL 32714-1618 • (407) 659-4800 December 4, 2001 Mr. Jim Gleason, Acting Manager City of Ocoee 150 Lake Shore Drive Lake Mary, FL 3'7795.0700 Dear Mr.Gleason: I am writing to request time on your Commission's agenda at an upcoming meeting to make a brief presentation to provide an overview of the St. Johns River Water Management District. As the intergovernmental coordinator with the District for your government, I would like to ensure that your Commission is familiar with the District's programs. Thank you for your time in arranging the presentation with me. I will call your office in the near future so that we can arrange a date and time that would be convenient for your Commission. Sincerely, NancNancy Chri an Intergovernmental Coordinator GOVERNING BOARD TVA William Kerr,CHAIRMAN Omelrias D.Long,VICE CHAIRMAN Jeff K.Jennings,SECRETARY Duane Onenslroer,TREASURER MELOWRNE BEACH APOPIA MAITWID JACKSONVILLE Ann T.Moore Michael Branch Catherine A.Walker Clay Albright David G.Graham &MNELL FERNANDINA BEACH ALTAMONTE SPRINGS EAST LAKE WEIR JACKSONVILLE East-central Florida Water Supply Water Supply Planning History • The District has had a formal water supply planning effort since 1990. The first major product of this effort was the 1994 Water Supply Needs and Sources Assessment. A major conclusion of that assessment was that 38 percent of the District, including the east-central Florida area, was projected to experience unacceptable impacts to water resources and related natural systems (wetlands, springs, lakes, etc.) if all projected 2010 withdrawals of water were to occur at the locations and in the quantities proposed by water users. These areas of concern are termed priority water resource caution areas • In 1998 the District published its first Water Supply Assessment, which was an update of the 1994 Needs and Sources Assessment. This 1998 Water Supply Assessment addressed the availability of water to meet projected needs through 2020 — a 10-year longer planning horizon than that in the 1994 Assessment. The Water Supply Assessment included similar conclusions to those reached in the earlier assessment but the priority water resource caution areas had increased to cover 40 percent of the District, with the east-central Florida area still included. • Chapter 373, Florida Statutes, provides for a 20-year planning horizon. The District's projections of possible impacts as reported in the 1994 and 1998 assessments clearly indicates that the Floridan aquifer could not sustain the projected increases in withdrawals through 2020 — the end of the planning horizon. • Both the 1994 and the 1998 efforts involved many public meetings and review of documents by many water users, local governments, and other interested parties. These two assessments set the foundation for the District's first regional water supply plan, which was approved by the Governing Board in April 2000. Revised 12/20/01 1 • The 2000 District Water Supply Plan was developed through a significant consent-based public process, the Water 2020 process, which lasted more than one and one-half years. The Water 2020 process included numerous public meetings and involved representatives from various agencies, major water users, local governments, and other interested parties. • The District focused its Water 2020 efforts within water supply planning work groups that included priority water resource caution areas and surrounding areas considered closely associated hydrologically and culturally. The east-central Florida area was included in the Water Supply Planning Area I Work Group. Water Use Projections • The District Water Supply Plan indicates that about 350 additional million gallons per day of water will be required to satisfy projected public supply utility demands from 1995 to 2020 in the east-central Florida area. • All water use projections are based on estimating techniques and are subject to inaccuracies and uncertainty. • The District's water use projections for 2020 were developed in two ways to support the water supply assessment and water supply plan development process. o County-level population projections from the Bureau of Economic and Business Research (BEBR) at the University of Florida were used in combination with a GIS model and information concerning public supply utility service areas and current water use practices (levels of water conservation, reuse, etc., 1995) to project water use in a consistent manner throughout the District o Area public supply utilities independently projected their water needs using a variety of methods. • In general, the utility projections were higher than the District's population-based projections. These higher projections were used in combination with the District's groundwater models to project potential impacts of groundwater withdrawals and were used as the basis of Revised 12/20/01 2 estimating the cost of necessary new water supply facilities. The District used these higher projections because o They were generally preferred by the water users participating in the planning process o Use of the higher numbers would decrease the risk of planning for too little water, a scenario that would be unacceptable Uncertainty Analysis • Concerns about the uncertainty of when alternative supplies would be needed became an issue during the Water 2020 process. Several sources of uncertainty were identified by the work groups. These include, among other things: o Timing of water use projections o Groundwater models o Water resource constraints • The District openly embraced this uncertainty during the Water 2020 process and performed an uncertainty analysis to examine the likely range of timeframes when alternative water supplies might be needed. This alternative analysis was presented and discussed in Area I Work Group meetings and is included as an appendix in the Area I Work Group's conceptual plan. • Based on this uncertainty analysis, alternative supplies could be needed as early as 2002 to 2005. • Prior to approval of the District Water Supply Plan by the District Governing Board, the executive director, assistant executive director, and other District staff and consultants made presentations of the plan to all county commissions and the elected bodies of key cities in east- central Florida as well as in other areas of the District. • The likelihood that alternative supplies could be needed as early as 2004 was included in these presentations. The 2004 date was chosen as the target date based on the 2002 to 2005 uncertainty analysis range. Revised 12/20/01 3 Consumptive Use Permit (CUP) Implications Identified During Water 2020 • In all discussions concerning the District Water Supply Plan, District staff and consultants have emphasized that the projected unacceptable impacts will not be allowed to occur. The District's CUP process is the mechanism that will control the extent to which impacts will occur. • The District has consistently stated that conflicts and competition among CUP applicants are likely to occur if major water users, particularly public supply utilities, in east-central Florida do not work together to identify and commit to water supply strategies that can he implemented to provide adequate water supplies without unacceptable impacts. • The District has also consistently pointed to the high cost of litigation using public tax dollars that would likely be associated with these conflicts. • The Tampa Bay area "water wars" have been referred to numerous times by the District, both publicly and in one-on-one discussions, as an example of the kinds of conflicts that could occur and that can be avoided if water suppliers will work together. Alternative Water Supplies and Costs • The District has identified alternative water supply options that can be used in combination with existing and new fresh groundwater to meet projected 2020 demands. These options include naturally occurring sources such as: o Brackish groundwater o Surface water o Seawater and management techniques such as: o Artificial recharge o Aquifer storage recovery Revised 12/20/01 4 o Avoidance of the impacts of groundwater withdrawal through artificial hydration o Water conservation o Use of reclaimed water o Water supply systems interconnections • It is unlikely that the use of management options alone will be adequate to satisfy 2020 demands. Some quantity of naturally occurring alternative source will likely be required. • Surface water from the St. Johns River is the naturally occurring alternative source that is available in greatest quantity in the east- central Florida area. Seawater is available in greater quantities but would have to be transported into the area from the coast. • The District has estimated that of the projected 350 additional million gallons per day in water use required to meet future demand, between 150 and 250 million gallons per day will have to come from alternative water supplies if unacceptable impacts to water resources and related natural systems are to be avoided. • Estimated capital costs in 1996 dollars to develop water supplies (groundwater and surface water) to satisfy projected increased demands between 1995 and 2020 range from $1.025 billion to $1.353 billion. (If it were possible to satisfy this demand solely from groundwater, estimated capital costs would range from $0.520 billion to $0.738 billion.) • Unit production costs (capital costs plus operation and maintenance costs) for these additional water supplies (groundwater and surface water costs combined) range from $1.39 per 1,000 gallons to $1.79 per 1,000 gallons. (Estimated unit production costs for a groundwater-only supply would range from $0.50 per 1,000 gallons to $0.63 per 1,000 gallons.) • Based on historic practice and legislative guidance, the District anticipates that water supply utility revenues from customer charges will continue to be the primary funding source for water supply development projects. In the east-central Florida area customer rates Revised 12/20/01 5 could increase from about $0.85 per 1,000 gallons to about $1.25 per 1,000 gallons for water supplied from new nontraditional alternative sources, which are a small portion of the total supply. If the cost of existing supplies were blended with the cost of new nontraditional alternative supplies, the actual rate increase to customers would be substantially less, probably on the order of$0.25 per 1,000 gallons. Facilitated Regional Decision-Making Process • The District designed and implemented a facilitated decision-making process for the east-central Florida area. This process was designed to gain consensus among public supply utilities concerning water supply strategies that should be implemented to provide adequate supplies through 2020 without unacceptable water resource impacts. • Utility groups in northern Lake and southern Marion counties, and Seminole County have completed discussions and the facilitator has advised the District that the utilities were unable to develop comprehensive and acceptable strategies. The facilitator has recommended that the decision process be elevated to the elected official level. • Utility groups in southern Lake, Orange, Osceola, and Polk counties (SLOOP Group) have not been able to reach consensus on acceptable strategies. District staff recognizes the need to elevate these discussions to the elected official level also. • The District has recognized the need to elevate awareness of the water supply situation in east-central Florida. A joint Governing Board meeting was held in November with the St. Johns District Board and the South Florida District Board. • Efforts to bring this information to elected officials in a water summit was scheduled for early this fall but the events of Sept. 11, 2001, shifted the focus of many officials to more critical issues. • The District has recently been involved in planning for a regional water summit with elected officials in the east-central Florida area. This Revised 12/20/01 6 summit is seen as the focal point of the District's effort to elevate the decision process to the elected official level. Current CUP Activity • In recent months, 18 large CUP applications from the east-central Florida area have been initiated. Based on the groundwater allocations requested and usage projected, unacceptable impacts to water resources and related natural systems (wetlands, spring flows and lakes) in some areas could occur in response to 2006 groundwater withdrawals if the applications were permitted as requested. • The natural systems impacts would not occur in 2006 but would likely occur in future years as a result of the continued withdrawal of the requested 2006 water use. • This information brings forth several points. o 85 percent of the projected 2020 demand for these utilities may be needed by 2006 o Alternative sources need to be developed in the very near future if adequate supplies are going to be available to supply projected growth without unacceptable impacts Where Do We Go From Here? • It is important for the appropriate decision makers in the east-central Florida area to identify and agree to specific water supply development projects for specific water supply utilities or groups of utilities. • Development of alternative sources is likely to take five to 10 years to plan, design, permit and construct. However, it is possible that unacceptable impacts will not occur for several years beyond 2006. Therefore, we have time if we move ahead now to commit to and develop alternative sources. • Plans to hold a water summit involving elected officials are back on schedule after delays resulting from the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Revised 12/20/01 7 • The District plans to meet with local officials to explain the situation in detail and begin developing solutions. This effort began in December 2001. Key points to remember: • The east-central Florida area is not "running out of water." • Based on recent CUP application requests, certain areas within east- central Florida will probably not be able to meet all needs by 2006 from current groundwater sources without causing significant harm to those water resources. • Alternative supplies have been identified but require cooperation among local utilities and local governments to develop. • The District has been pro-actively working to foster cooperation and to initiate water resource development projects, such as: o Operating a pilot treatment plant to determine the optimal treatment process for use of water from the St. Johns River o Increasing the use of reclaimed water o Conducting seawater desalination feasibility investigations o Constructing and testing of potable water aquifer storage and recovery o Augmenting wetlands and artificial aquifer recharge to avoid impacts from withdrawals o Promoting water conservation • The time has come for elected officials to become more involved in identifying and selecting solutions to the water supply situation. This will require cooperation among the various local governments in the east-central Florida area. Revised 12/20/01 8 Water Use For Selected East-Central Florida Public Supply Utilities Water System Average Projected Projected Projected 1995 Flow Average Average 2006 Flow (mgd) 2006 Flow 2020 Flow as a (mgd) (mgd) Percentage of 2020 APOPKA, CITY OF 5.90 16.15 24.01 67.26 CLERMONT, CITY OF 1.50 7.44 8.69 85.65 COCOA 24.21 33.62 39.17 85.83 DIAMOND CLUB na 0.37 na na KISSIMMEE, CITY OF (SFWMD) 12.50 19.24 27.82 69.16 LAKE MARY, CITY OF 1 .75 4.99 4.64 107.50 LAKE UTILITY SERVICES INC 0.64 4.66 3.26 143.08 LEGENDS 0.00 0.75 na na LONGWOOD, CITY OF 2.00 2.48 5.39 45.96 OCU (SFWMD) 1 .85 3.52 na na OUC (SFWMD) 27.29 52.11 56.32 92.5 OUC (SJRWMD) 51 .82 48.48 52.90 91.6 OVIEDO, CITY OF 2.82 5.47 5.40 101.30 SANFORD, CITY OF 5.76( 9.15 11.10 82.43 SEMINOLE COUNTY, NW 1 .561 6.41 11 .91 53.82 SEMINOLE COUNTY, LYNWOOD 0.881 1.61 1 .80 89.44 TITUSVILLE 4.901 6.48 8.44 76.7 WINTER GARDEN, CITY OF 1.86 6.27 8.31 75.45 Grand Total 147.24 229.20 269.161 85.1 na= not available or not applicable Revised 12-20-01 —1 lila VW 1 3ll'6 0 it O�O a . i4o7 MARION llbb''o Jl .ail: �M f.O Kia O a• L 1 50 �.I.., ('1 � • • • II JL- � N • 0.• Seminole Co. NW _ - , LAKE •: . Sanforcr ,,c-'- ,. + 1 %,9 9"'' -.,. • VOLUSI \_, , Titusville ,«•i• ••• Lake Ma a.•- • n k '• '- O r - -fin co , W Mr. * ,, °P ," Lon•wood QP Cocoa A•o•ka..9y0 I ° LS �,�.;,. . m --r+P .:: . Oviedo iY-? . :;; iefir-t2Si,!'". •• r!''h ..:i*:: ::i:E* :i*i:. 0 Clermont �.� � O • 1 i.4 I li 4il��'• • .:•Miiiii iiiiiii:. O i tt — TI=IF---PLI-1--T iii!i::.1.g1:...:.;.,:iliiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiIiiii; � ••••• • '�'� l ;QM) illi • .4 ke*. ,.Ct.*:ii:: 7:::::' is ````.-. •i tevA1:;f, '`=: Lake Util ui;, ;-. ..•� . o ':•::::::":i... 1 c-jServicesF : : . ::.::..:...... OU C :i:i:i:iii::i•. • • Winter '1 n Garden � '' Kissimmee/ OCU Seminole Co. L___ ,� Lynwood OSCEOLA F 1 . • Public supply well: CUP in-house(12/01) IiiP 0 6 12 Miles p Public supply well RS Upland lake /:''', [;:::;�Public water supply service area boundary: CUP in-house(12/01) 1:800000 f .1 Public water supply service area boundary Major Public Water Supplies 12/20/01 - 75 major public supply utilities in east-central Florida are currently allocated a maximum of 440 million gallons per day (mgd). - About 98 % of water used for public supply comes from the Floridan aquifer. - The Floridan aquifer is divided into 2 units: the Upper Floridan &the Lower Floridan. - 18 public supply projects are in the CUP process requesting 229 mgd on an average annual basis. - Pending applications plus current maximum allocations of the existing CUPs represent approximately 85% of projected east-central Florida 2020 water use. V — Ar ism MARION VOLUSIA \ _,'r G Yiac N I` ‘-,..-e.opi.,:•-• r( „, s - ,, _ \ t -, • * ) \• 4/4, Alli xq Al!"--1 —i; ° ,,,.>s, I � . t; o- o _r. a 8 0 0SEMINOLE b Q° — BREVARD 2 o ' \ F- �z _:..b -09 '.e ORANGE 4-t,� '`` {t,.' • 0 i �_ `N -(-) 'PI '3 OSCEOLA viler, POLK 0 6 12 Miles ° Lower Floridan public supply well ,Upland lake Area of Lower Floridan aquifer pressure decline>1.5 ft . 1:800000 1 Saline areas within Lower Floridan aquifer Predicted Lower Floridan Pressure Decline due to Requested 2006 Flows plus Current Maximum Allocations (relative to 1995) - An area of pressure decline in Lower Floridan aquifer is projected to extend to the salt water interface, which could result in inland movement of this poor quality water. - Wells located near the salt water interface could experience deterioration in water quality. 12/20/01 , -v • 0 w VOLUSIA 1"�4 '01014 ,...„4:. • o •3 . SM MARION - •, • 4 oP11 .. •4 • ---:t! • • ® AI. a N �; LAKE: -___grgb .s. Mit' O o • + •� .211. •% , • O(0) - 14410 L •• • • : - • st • • • :1 e • •• • • • • $ $ • • .• • lb t ••• I • • ,� • • ORANGE • BREVARD 4 • • l• ri • • .. • • , •••, , , I it_e • • •'• N POLK \ I • $ sa• . • r is Upper Floridan aquifer springs projected to be: OSCEOLA O Near Minimum Flow Level(MFL) • Experiencing significant decline(no MFL) 6 12 Miles Experiencing no significant decline • Below Minimum Flow Level(MFL) • Upper Floridan public-supply well 1:800000 ,B Area of Upper Floridan aquifer pressure decline> 1 ft Predicted Upper Floridan Pressure Decline due to Requested 2006 Flows plus Current Maximum Allocations (relative to 1995) - Water demand associated with the current permitted allocations plus the pending CUP applications is projected to result in pressure declines in the Upper Floridan aquifer throughout the region. - This could cause one spring to decline below its MFL and others to approach their MFLs. - Lakes and other surface water features located in the sandy ridge type settings are likely to be affected by further Upper Floridan aquifer pressure declines. 12/20/01 you artdf...�r ►► NO" H2O , 117 1 7X07 MARION F:M 531,r> �, siIASI r ' ''= "'''4 4, ° ' LAKE . �l': ern�' VOLUSIA • - r , . \-71-` if N. - \' x� SEMINOL .Z X k, �I k 4' .p a ,ORANGE 09'• . .ae, . 801,0, x:.. i, BREVARD f ti` _ ,_ POLK ` f,_ OSCEOLA 0 6 12 Miles ne Upland lake 1:800000 r ®Area of greatest potential for harm to lakes and wetlands Generalized Area of Greatest Potential for 12/20/01 Harm to Lakes and Wetlands - Lake and wetland systems rely on the surficial aquifer to maintain hydrologic and ecosystem functions. - The surficial aquifer is a major source of recharge to the Floridan aquifer system. - Water levels in the surficial aquifer respond to pressure declines in the Floridan aquifer system. - Areas of significant Floridan aquifer decline are located where there is a high concentration of closed basin lakes and wetland features that are sensitive to surficial aquifer declines. .' �' n ��j}/-,.iit• • �� .)44 till. i� oi R a'i Q / !� .,...„:16... ` 4.41,.: � :fr.rte^. w. A' I '1. ;� ' •• a .' AV:- ' ''• ..4' •b 1111 ':fi'-i� Lar-,/ • :1-• - 4,4 '''./)-l" ..%4 i •„ 1lr♦ • / t• ,4004 j. /yr -- . ., -.) ...'• . ... • • r. 4 � fir" • e.' � � •.H'`• ?' y,'id) - • i. -,' Lake y \ \ '`�:'._r>?', .. �'.., -. �' �� „; ��•,�� ,.e 'floe, To", Harr♦ • ,} I.. , •4-48\ ,� N'. rlt i e - 1...., -!''I .,„. i )-•-#7' .474...' '-i ' ,'"' ,..• N\TN - .' 1404. ' ''47..:\''''N\.‘ 3 1. ;:.0111or :- .. , - '-)' •. . -31 r, ,... ' ,`r# ''k '‘,..w..4 e , ',. ;4 r bl '% \,' r * Lake ,fr • .4,.. . ..„‘„;4 , v4 s,•.„..A ,4* : \3„...-...,,,„„,_ _ ...!. , -v- ..,.. ,\„..\„..\.„Tr' , tz.%"`"4.N. •• A: $:,,„!. ... •.,s, =f`,-h3- ‘' N.{�`'• N.: .. Lake . + ,_ �. Apopka * _,,‘0,-,., . N •.1.` 4^11 t ..1 '•:, . • 71:14 i\'•,1 ' \ ''':' . . .r...e. 113 c • lb 46 -4 ii t `Z k .Yi r , _ i-•c rte i e, n•. _ .. �" btTs1''►fir• � � &'� �`�. = • .,. \ y � �i; } r,. '...‘„..... t • ♦ �.. >. ' WWW rr. •.►•• •r s ^ rx`,: .4. `I. .. ..•$,.:.•40, a;. '" t' gyp; /11:;(‘,I7..2-11 • •-�' t ,. 4 ..,,i6v,. . . ,., ......i _ _ ..ji . sr ::0(1.: ,.....14,,. >`� r�'1F'. . k- yS sem,+, 3 L, •i...7 '` , " F ;t•4 —. Z {s val 4. • Wetlands • *"•. , 4, ,1 - � ��Z Area of Greatest Potential for s.,_• • ii. .' • • , . , •w _ ", , •' .�5 �- * Harm to Lakes and Wetlands �•f`r. 4 ' i t ,, Ay�� '• s, /,.• '.I tTdz,]1 tri:•rC. .?. 1: � 4 Jr-. . 'it_ .las,-1:c-r.` . ' _ a. - Generalized Area of Closed Basin Lakes and Wetlands - Lake and wetland systems rely on the surficial aquifer to maintain hydrologic and ecosystem functions. - The surficial aquifer is a major source of recharge to the Floridan aquifer system. - Water levels in the surficial aquifer respond to pressure declines in the Floridan aquifer system. - Areas of significant Floridan aquifer decline are located where there is a high concentration of closed basin lakes and wetland features that are sensitive to surficial aquifer declines. 12/20/01 'District water Sup p iY "Plan Executive Summary ik -g. _. ita `"1t+�M, lo- r i St. Johns River Water Management District Palatka, Florida 2000 Special Publication SJ2000-SP1 District Water Supply Plan Executive Summary Edited by Barbara A. Vergara, P.G. Professional Ge gist License No. PG0000522 June 9, 2000 SEAL St. Johns River Water Management District Palatka, Florida 2000 Northwest Florida Water Management Suwannee District River Water Management District St.Johns River Water anagement District Southwest Florida Water Management District St.Johns River Water Management District South Florida Water Management District The St.Johns River Water Management District(SIRWMD)was created by the Florida Legislature in 1972 to be one of five water management districts in Florida.It includes all or part of 19 counties in northeast Florida.The mission of SJRWMD is to manage water resources to ensure their continued availability while maximizing environmental and economic benefits. It accomplishes its mission through regulation;applied research;assistance to federal,state,and local governments;operation and maintenance of water control works;and land acquisition and management. Special Publications are published to disseminate information collected by SJRWMD in pursuit of its mission.Copies of this report can be obtained from: Library St.Johns River Water Management District P.O.Box 1429 Palatka,FL 32178-1429 Phone: (904)329 4132 Contents CONTENTS WATER SUPPLY PLANNING MANDATES ES-1 DESCRIPTION OF PLANNING REGION ES-3 WATER 2020 ES-5 WATER SUPPLY DEMANDS AND DEFICITS ES-9 Demand Projections ES-9 Deficit Identification ES-13 APPLICATION OF WATER RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS ES-15 Need for Resource Constraints ES-15 Use in Water Resource Planning ES-15 WATER SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT ES-17 ESTIMATED QUANTITY OF WATER AND COSTS ES-19 East-Central Florida (Work Group Area I) ES-19 Brevard County (Work Group Area IA) ES-20 Volusia County Area (Work Group Area II) ES-21 East-Central Flagler County (Work Group Area III) ES-22 Southwestern St.Johns County and Eastern Putnam County (Work Group Area IV) ES-23 Northern St.Johns County and Southern Duval County(Work Group Area V) ES-25 WATER SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT FUNDING SOURCES ES-29 WATER SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ES-31 St.Johns River Water Supply Facility Component of the Eastern I-4 Corridor Water Project ES-32 Eastern Orange and Seminole Counties Regional Reuse Component of the Eastern I-4 Corridor Water Project ES-32 City of Apopka Reuse Component of the Eastern I-4 Corridor Water Project ES-32 North-Central St.Johns County Wellfield Project ES-33 Strategic Water Conservation Assistance Project ES-33 Strategic Reclaimed Water Assistance Project ES-34 WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ES-37 RECOMMENDATIONS ES-39 Minimum Flows and Levels ES-39 Water Supply Development ES-39 St.Johns River Water Management District ES-v DWSP—Executive Summary Water Resource Development ES-40 Consumptive Use Permitting Process ES-40 Intergovernmental,Water Supplier,and Public Coordination ES-41 St Johns River Water Management District ES-vi Figures and Tables FIGURES ES-1 Priority water resource caution areas in the St.Johns River Water Management District ES-2 ES-2 The St.Johns River Water Management District ES-4 ES-3 St.Johns River Water Management District water supply planning work group areas ES-6 ES-4 General planning process organization for Water 2020 work groups ES-7 TABLES ES-1 Total water use for 1995 and 2020 for the St.Johns River Water Management District (SJRWMD) ES-10 ES-2 Total water demand for 1995 and 2020 for SJRWMD by source ES-11 ES-3 Total water demand for 1995 and 2020 for SJRWMD by category of use ES-12 ES-4 Utility-specific water supply options identified for Work Group IA ES-20 ES-5 Estimated costs to meet 2020 public supply needs for major Brevard County public supply utilities ES-21 ES-6 Utility-specific water supply options ES-23 ES-7 Estimated costs to meet 2020 public supply needs for Flagler County public supply utilities ES-23 ES-8 Utility-specific water supply options identified by work group ES-27 ES-9 Estimated costs to meet 2020 public supply needs for northern St.Johns County and southern Duval County public supply utilities ES-28 St.Johns River Water Management District ES-vii DWSP—Executive Summary St.Johns Ricer Water Management District ES-vui Water Supply Planning Mandates WATER SUPPLY PLANNING MANDATES The St.Johns River Water Management District's (SJRWMD) District Water Supply Plan (DWSP) is designed to meet the requirements of the water supply planning provisions of Section 373.0361,Florida Statutes (FS). DWSP is based on a 20-year planning horizon extending through 2020 and includes the following components: • A water supply development component • A water resource development component • A minimum flows and levels component Subsection 373.0361(1),FS,requires SJRWMD to initiate water supply planning for each water supply planning region where priority water resource caution areas are identified (Figure ES-1). Priority water resource caution areas are areas where existing and reasonably anticipated sources of water and conservation efforts may not be adequate (1) to supply water for all existing legal uses and reasonably anticipated future needs and (2) to sustain the water resources and related natural systems. SJRWMD's Water Supply Assessment: 1998 (Vergara 1998) includes a detailed description of the identification of priority water resource caution areas. These priority water resource caution areas should not be confused with the water resource caution area pursuant to the requirements of Section 62-40.416,Florida Administrative Code(F.A.C.). This subsection requires the water management districts(WMDs) to designate water resource caution areas as regions where reuse would be required if economically, environmentally,and technically feasible.Prior to the implementation of Section 62-40.416,F.A.C.,SJRWMD's Consumptive Use Permitting Rule required reuse throughout SJRWMD,where available and feasible. Therefore,when implementing Florida Department of Environmental Protection's (DEP) Section 62-40.416 requirement,SJRWMD designated its entire jurisdictional area a water conservation area (40C-23.001,F.A.C.). SJRWMD later changed the water conservation area designation to a water resource caution area designation to conform to statewide nomenclature. St.Johns River Water Management District ES-1 DWSP—Executive Summary i • / I 82 3o Cp w Lf ,' j 80 30 00W _ ,. -i BAKER DUVAL '. �'\ boundary / SJRW SJRWMD boundary Water supplyplanningwork ii------------r., Work Group ® group � � Area Vareas /- UNION ;/�� CLAYr �` /ri ,, -300000 J J---,-.. _..-1.-'J'�;/ 'I Cove Springs• , 0 10 20 Miles BRADFORL Øj4tst Augustine r- —� Work Grou — J `'I-21,--1----/------4\./, / r AArea IV p I i r•Gainesville Palatka•��/ I , ALACHUA j PUTNAM � ♦ �1' Ili I ji�,.�>• \ Bunnell •;` Work Group ` Area I I I 'A/I • MARION ---J ; • Ocala . / Daytona Beach I 41 Work Group III ' , AZ',, '/ir, . / / Area Ir"Or s / % /��� % Area IA , % Work Group li SUMTE t / z i// Work Group 4f2/51 Areal .- 1 ?‘ /# 2800 00 N4 i`"‘ P , • II4 1 . i Figure ES-3. St.Johns River Water Management District water supply planning work group areas St.Johns River Water Management District ES-6 DWSP—Executive Summary 82 wit w w�rew -t BAKER 1 DUVAL M I V�County f Priorirywemrraeoivice _.._I_.__.3._ caution areas ` UNION i CLAY IY' � r Green 4,414 —anmml� r ! Cove Springs e�t- f .40 \,BRADFORLi �I' Sl Augustine t' \ `e 0 10 20 Miles j r _ a —r2,Jfi_j •Gainesville Palatka `�r,' i I ALACHUA j PUTNAM ! ,. 114 t\It+ - r„ i \, Bunnell frig j t — ---'IFLAGLE- t r _..i I MARION I`. l____- Daytona Beach I ir" I e Ocala I I I I "\L —a cows �~,, t y 1 SUMTER tj///� 1 \ 7 �tA4,1/ I 1i.Titusville fp .,ies I ati'ilu7:!/// „fir ' a A ] Melboumel —maoasN POLK \ OSCE¢LA . ii\ .1 I ! 1 i � '1 \ 1.'^\ I I _1. 1 `'1/4 • Figure ES-1. Priority water resource caution areas in the St.Johns River Water Management Distict St.johns River Water Management District ES-2 Description of Planning Region DESCRIPTION OF PLANNING REGION The Florida Legislature,in response to the need to protect and preserve the state's water resources,passed the Florida Water Resources Act of 1972,codified as Chapter 373,FS. This legislation established a statewide system of five WMDs and provided them with specific authorities and responsibilities. SJRWMD is one of these five WMDs. Located in northeastern Florida,SJRWMD covers approximately 12,400 square miles(approximately 8 million acres), or about 21 percent of the state's total area (Figure ES-2). The most prominent natural feature of SJRWMD is the St. Johns River. The St.Johns River flows northward about 300 miles from its headwaters in Indian River County through Lakes Washington, Monroe, and George, and other lakes, to Jacksonville and the Atlantic Ocean. Because of the river's very low gradient, tidal effects normally extend into and beyond Lake George, over a hundred miles from the river's mouth. The SJRWMD area includes all or part of 19 counties,numerous cities and towns, and the major urban centers of Jacksonville and Orlando,with a total population of almost 3.5 million people. This population is projected to increase by about 50 percent, to nearly 5.2 million,by 2020. Because SJRWMD has identified its entire jurisdictional area as one water supply planning region,DWSP encompasses the entire district.The plan focuses considerable attention on the identified priority water resource caution areas. DWSP identifies sustainable water supply options that will meet the projected reasonable-beneficial needs of all water users in SJRWMD through 2020. St.Johns River Water Management District ES-3 DWSP—Executive Summary I 82WW 81 00 W 80 00 W Fernando• PM N _ � cu. t —30 W N Goer 1,o. s . ' P 1 raoe - 0 0 e I nm n.�e re. Rppmx mete wale files ��qq WSIA dour € w letr N. —2900N ___A -War \SRbd I • 3 OAK �.Tines 'ars t SY�bO Lithe — h� .Teriti6 I i I - 1 `1Wab _ LLII rs MM —20WN Baron __Wo Legend _" . eve ut County bounden - _. ._.- °arc ilsb — District boundary pi • County seat Water body `4keNm.= Figure ES-2. The St. Johns River Water Management District St_Johns River Water Management District ES-4 Water 2020 WATER 2020 SJRWMD focused its water supply planning efforts within water supply planning work group areas.These work group areas include priority water resource caution areas and surrounding areas considered closely associated hydrologically and culturally. SJRWMD identified six water supply planning work group areas: Work Group Areas I,IA,II,III,IV, and V(Figure ES-3). Water supply planning in these work group areas has been accomplished through SJRWMD's Water 2020 Project. The Water 2020 process has been a cooperative public process designed to maximize the participation and input of local governments,government-owned and privately owned utilities,self-suppliers, and other interested and potentially affected parties,pursuant to the requirements of Subsection 373.0361(1),FS. SJRWMD's Water Utility Advisory Board and Agricultural Advisory Committee contributed significantly to the active involvement of public water suppliers and agricultural self-suppliers,respectively, in the Water 2020 process. SJRWMD developed a general Water 2020 process structure for all six of its Water 2020 work groups to follow (Figure ES-4).This structure was designed to • Ensure that planning was conducted in an open public process • Use the best information available • Provide consistency among work groups in the methods and procedures used to identify sustainable water supply options • Facilitate coordination and cooperation with local governments, government-owned and privately owned utilities,self-suppliers, and other interested and potentially affected parties • Identify water source options,available quantities,estimated costs, and potential funding sources for water supply development, including traditional and alternative sources,from which local government,government-owned and privately owned utilities,self- suppliers, and others may choose, which will exceed identified needs through 2020 The Water 2020 process was fully funded by SJRWMD,and the work groups were the focal points. All information produced in association with the Water 2020 process was presented to and considered by the St.Johns River Water Management District ES-5 DWSP—Executive Summary e2300w ( 1 / 4 .oso'No. ,\ County boundary ! 1I BAKER DUVAL II p \#yrnyyto t«x.wry wareaGrou ® q°"'k"e"O( UNION /)— /� ' CCoveSprings• 1 A _ 7 DD} n `,�,���f4s 0 10 20 Miles ry L BRAOFOR u \�I�Is St Augustine [S 1 `_` t _/______.\ Work Group 1 _ . + `I �— �i�� Area IV r •Gainesville/ Palatka•, i/'^ , I i ALACHUA j PUTNAM G�%' _� L. .,h r. —^"l__ c '�i Work Group I Burrell . I s --.may LI �/ // t Area Ill I ,t ,'�,iI // i 1 MARION r /t • Ocala Daytona Beach r •) ��• Work Group L t j �/ Areal) —a oo 00 N . •� �1Work i SUMTE ' 1 " :'0„'� 4 Area IA Group Work Group ,i - 1/� I y`;(G'• rs /St Area I % �lIJ1yv'JIII���J�J/�/�(; r-'ir ./ ; ` % it 2e00cou I`J • / � I \ r Figure ES-3.St.Johns River Water Management District water supply planning work group areas St.Johns River Water Management District ES-6 Water 2020 SJRWMD Governing Board Local governments or their representative board Work Group SJRWMD staff,local government representatives, consultants,major water users,other concerned parties,and public supply utility representatives Demand Water Consumptive Groundwater projection resource use modeling subgroup constraints permitting subgroup subgroup subgroup Figure 7. General planning process organization for Water2020 work groups St.Johns River Water Management Disttict ES-7 DWSP—Executive Summary appropriate work group.An SJRWMD water resource consultant or SJRWMD staff member facilitated the activities of the work groups in Work Group Areas I,IA, III,IV,and V. In Work Group Area II,the Volusian Water Alliance's water resource consultant acted as facilitator. For issues requiring considerable focused attention, the work groups developed subgroups to the work groups. Each of these subgroups consisted of work group members who had a particular interest in the subgroup subjects.An SJRWMD water resource consultant or an SJRWMD staff member chaired each subgroup. The following subgroups were active in the work group process: • Demand Projection • Water Resource Constraints • Consumptive Use Permitting • Groundwater Modeling The work group planning process resulted in future water demand projections,future water supply deficit estimates, recommended water supply source options, and one or more recommended viable water supply alternatives.To develop a water supply plan for each work group area,each work group applied the most relevant methods and tools to its respective work group area.Although exact methods and procedures varied for each work group,all shared basic criteria. A major objective of the planning process involved providing a consistent method for comparing water supply options and alternatives. A consistent set of alternative water supply evaluations, as well as cost estimating and economic evaluation criteria,helped reach that objective. St.Johns River Water Management District ES-8 Water Supply Demands and Deficits WATER SUPPLY DEMANDS AND DEFICITS Demand Projections SJRWMD staff developed future water supply demand projections in consultation with major water suppliers. Water supply demands for the year 2020 were estimated for the following use categories: • Public supply • Domestic self-supply and small public supply systems • Commercial/industrial/institutional self-supply • Thermoelectric power generation self-supply • Agricultural self-supply • Recreational self-supply Total water demand for 1995 and 2020 for SJRWMD is projected to increase from 1,371 million gallons per day (mgd) in 1995 to 1,679 mgd (population-based projections) or 1,863 mgd (user-based projections) in 2020 (Table ES-1).This growth represents an increase of 22 percent, assuming SJRWMD's population-based rate of growth,or an increase of 36 percent using the user-based projections. Table ES-2 provides additional water use information relative to source (groundwater or surface water) and projected demand growth by county. Public supply accounts for the major portion of the projected demand increase, accounting for about 80 percent of the increase in use under either demand projection scenario. Public supply demand is projected to increase by 52 percent,based on the population-based demand projections (Table ES-3). The difference between the population-based projections and the user-based projections, 184 mgd,represents the level of uncertainty inherent in demand projections. Although this uncertainty in public supply demand projections is significant,its impact on the planning process relates primarily to the planning horizon. If the higher user-based estimates are used as the basis for planning and these estimates prove correct,then facilities identified in this DWSP will be needed by 2020 to fully meet projected water supply needs. If the higher user-based estimates are used and the lower population-based estimates prove correct,then all of the facilities identified in this report will not be fully needed until sometime beyond 2020. St.Johns River Water Management District ES-9 DWSP-Executive Summary Table ES-1. Total water use for 1995 and 2020 for the St.Johns River Water Management District (SJRWMD)* tf, a%. =fa: .""W T r . . ,y696'f: a30ta`a...., Alachua 35.34 51.37 55.40 54.46 57.65 Baker 4.63 5.42 5.80 5.77 5.99 Bradford 0.60 1.10 1.10 1.13 1.11 Brevard 194.18 184.55 190.89 196.45 195.91 Ciay 21.65 31.45 32.98 32.99 34.45 Duval 144.12 179.99 202.73 188.37 212.17 Flagler 15.92 20.95 23.82 22.76 24.61 Indian River 259.66 269.60 281.25 324.78 283.00 Lake 108.19 156.11 191.13 175.35 195.66 Marion 35.05 50.70 54.95 54.20 57.44 Nassau 61.59 70.56 75.09 71.91 75.91 Okeechobee 14.25 13.42 13.42 16.17 13.43 Orange 155.64 227.35 258.88 243.67 271.61 Osceola 16.56 16.05 16.05 17.57 16.05 Polk 3.55 7.11 7.11 8.58 7.18 Putnam 82.73 109.00 110.44 113.63 111.11 Seminole 69.87 102.72 116.50 109.09 122.40 St.Johns 50.99 60.38 80.72 68.48 82.96 Volusia 96.64 121.22 144.26 132.39 150.44 SJRWMD 1,371.16 1,679.05 1,862.52 1,837.75 1,919.08 Total *Figures include only water withdrawn in SJRWMD. St.Johns River Water Management District ES-10 En N a.y Table 3.Total water demand for 1995 and 2020 for the St.Johns River Water Management District by category of use q 0 ' ff _ ® 1s" at c g Public supply 444.61 12.15 456.76 677.45 16.81 694.26 c860.92 16.81 877.73 c 9718.12 17.82 735.94 52 61 77 60 Dee Domestic and other 71 98 0.00 71.98 64.84 0.00 64.84 64.84 0.00 64.84 68.73 0.00 68.73 -10 -5 -2 -1 smell public supply 03 ❑ Agricultural irrigation 363.58 223.39 566.97 368.45 220.69 589.14 368.45 220.69 589.14 430.76 267.55 698.31 0 19 1 24 j Recreational Irrigation 68.78 30.35 99.13 107.77 48.67 158.44 107.77 48.67 156.44 110.51 49.89 160.40 58 62 19 13 Commercial/industrial 96.02 38.14 134.16 102.63 44.19 146.82 102.63 44.19 146.82 102.63 44.19 146.82 9 9 4 3 /institutional Thermoelectric power 766 14.50 22.16 11.13 16.42 27.55 11.13 16.42 27.55 11.13 16.42 27.55 24 24 2 1 generation Total 1,052.63 318.53 1,371.16 1,332.27 346.78 1,679.05 1,515.74 346.78 1,862.52 1,441.88 395.87 1,837.75 22 34 101 100 Note:Figures Include only water withdrawn in the St.Johns River Water Management District. 'Based on population-based projection. Table 2. Total water demand for 1995 and 2020 for the St. Johns River Water Management District (SJRWMD) by source Note: Figures include only water withdrawn in SJRWMD. Water Supply Development Component St. Johns River Water Management District ES -11 Ekms+ nlvr and,--Pi6jdctr66 4 vo, 'm MUs ddlz- t VNU, 4d I dim "n omm; s rebritChA qk r'Si G �� N- n :§ U nd�p,,S Lft W, -Imo IV t A; D a W �o '066 1 I'll' WS *fj6b� 'G -SU .4NT16 Alachua 34.55 0.79 35.34 50.16 1.21 51.37 54.19 1.21 55.40 3 53.19 1.27 54.46 56.44 1.21 57.65 45 57 Baker 3.77 0.86 4.63 4.56 0.86 5.42 4.94 0.86 5.80 4.84 0.93 5.77 5.13 0.86 5.99 17 25 Bradford 0.60 0.00 0.60 1.10 0.00 1.10 1.10 0.00 1.10 1.13 0.00 1.13 1.11 0.00 1.11 83 83 Brevard 164.06 30.12 194.18 146.73 37.82 184.55 153.07 37.82 190.89 156.34 40.11 196.45 157.08 38.83 195.91 -5 -2 Clay 21.13 0.52 21.65 30.60 0.85 31.45 32.13 0.85 32.98 45, 1 32.12 0.87 32.99 33.60 0.85 34.45 45 52 Duval 143.06 1.06 144.12 178.55 1.44 179.99 201.29 1.44 202.73 186.89 1.48 188.37 210.73 1.44 212.17 25 41 Flagler 14.70 1.22 15.92 18.15 2.80 20.95 21.02 2.80 23.82 19.88 2.88 22.76 21.81 2.80 24.61 32 50 Indian River 87.23 172.43 259.66 93.30 176.30 269.60 104.95 176.30 281.25 108.51 216.27 324.78 106.70 176.30 283.00 4 8 Lake 92.40 15.79 108.19 133.58 22.53 156.11 168.60 22.53 191.13 150.43 24.92 175.35 173.13 22.53 195.66 44 77 Marion 33.18 1.87 35.05 48.01 2.69 50.70 52.26 2.69 54.95 51.37 2.83 54.20 54.75 2.69 57.44 45 57 Nassau 56.87 4.72 61.59 64.24 6.32 70.56 68.77 6.32 75.09 65.49 6.42 71.91 69.59 6.32 75.91 15 22 Okeechobee 14.25 0.00 14.25 13.42 0.00 13.42 13.42 0.00 13.42 16.17 0.00 16.17 13.43 0.00 13.43 .6 -6 Orange 136.44 19.20 155.64 215.92 11.43 227.35 247.45 11.43 1 258.88 230.48 13.19 243.67 260.18 11.43 271.61 46 66 1 Osceola 6.57 9.99 16.56 6.06 9.99 16.05 6.06 9.99 16.05 6.98 10.59 17.57 6.06 9.99 16.05 -3 -3 Polk 3.31 0.24 3.55 6.54 0.57 7.11 6.54 0.57 7.11 7.88 0.70 8.58 6.61 0.57 7.18 100 100 Putnam 32.67 50.06 82.73 50.42 58.58 109.00 51.86 58.58 110.44 54.82 58.81 113.63 52.53 58.58 111.11 32 33 Seminole 68.30 1.571 69.87 100.35 2.37 102.72 1 114.13 2.37 116.50 106.64 2.45 109.09 120.03 2.37 122.40 47 67 St. Johns 48.73 2.26 50.99 56.32 4.06 60.38 1 76.66 4.06 80.72 64 * 32 4.16 68.48 78.90 1 4.06 1 82.96 18 58 Volusia 1 90.81 5.83 96.64 1 114.26 6.96 121.22 137.30 1 6.96, 144.26 1 24.40 7.99 132.39 143.48 6.96 150.44 5 49 SJRWMD Total 1 05263 318.53 1,371.16 1 1,332.27 346.78 -T 1,679.05 1,515.74 1 346.78 1 1,862.52 I 8 1,4448 9 3 5.87 1,837.75 1,571.29 1 347.79 1 1,919.08 22 36 Note: Figures include only water withdrawn in SJRWMD. Water Supply Development Component St. Johns River Water Management District ES -11 Water Supply Demands and Deficits If the lower population-based needs estimates are used to identify water supply alternatives and the higher user-based needs estimates prove correct,then the identified facilities will not be adequate to meet 2020 needs and additional sources of supply and facilities will need to be identified and built before 2020. To avoid this situation and to comply with the statutory directive to identify water supply sources that meet or exceed water supply demands,SJRWMD has chosen to use the higher user-based projections for its planning purposes at this time. SJRWMD plans to monitor the actual water use that occurs compared to the projections made in this DWSP and to revise the projections in future updates of DWSP. For the remaining use categories, demand shifts are minor. The net change in agricultural irrigation demand is expected to be insignificant; changes in acreage and crops in specific locations are expected to balance one another out so that the net change is negligible. Conservation efforts in agriculture are anticipated to result in improved efficiencies at the farm level. However, at this time,no major changes are anticipated in technology that would substantially reduce irrigation needs. Deficit Identification A water supply deficit exists when proposed water supply sources or facilities are not able to meet projected demands. Water supply deficits can be of two types: source deficits and facility deficits. A source deficit is the difference between the projected 2020 needs and the quantity of water the source can supply in a sustainable manner. SJRWMD used regional decision models to determine groundwater source deficits in Work Group Areas I and II. These regional models were used to identify maximum average annual groundwater withdrawals compatible with applicable water resource constraints. In Work Group Area IA,where local surficial aquifers provide most of the groundwater supply, it was assumed that these aquifers have been developed to their maximum potential and that additional demands will result in a source deficit requiring the development of alternative water supplies. In Work Group Areas III and V,local groundwater models, along with the applicable water resource constraints,were used to help determine the potential for groundwater source deficits. Work Group Area IV is a unique case involving interference with existing legal uses during peak demand periods and did not involve deficit identification. A facility deficit is the amount of projected 2020 water supply needs that cannot be met by existing water supply facilities. Facility deficits depend St.Johns River Water Management District ES-13 DWSP—Executive Summary on the existing capacity of the individual water supply system and the projected 2020 needs. The need to provide for peak day demand determines needed facility capacity and therefore often controls facility deficits. St.Johns River Water Management District ES-14 Application of Water Resource Constraints APPLICATION OF WATER RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS Need for Resource Constraints The Water 2020 program and DWSP focus on developing an economically and technically feasible water supply plan that will meet future water supply needs in a manner which sustains the water resources and related natural systems.Sustainable sources must be able to supply the needed amounts of water, as defined by projected demands, without causing unacceptable adverse impacts to water quality,wetland and aquatic systems,and existing legal uses. The water resource constraints define thresholds, for planning purposes, beyond which unacceptable adverse impacts to water quality,wetland and aquatic systems, and existing legal uses are expected to occur. For the planning process, a water resource constraint serves as a tool for two types of evaluations: 1. Application of constraints to analysis of a given withdrawal scenario (without optimization) identifies locations where future unacceptable impacts are expected to occur if that scenario were implemented. 2. Incorporation of constraints into the decision models prevents consideration of withdrawal scenarios that will exceed the constraint values and,therefore,will not be sustainable. Use in Water Resource Planning SJRWMD has routinely used water resource constraints for water supply assessment and planning. For instance,in Needs and Sources Assessment: 1994 (Vergara 1994),the characterization of the extent and intensity of potential impacts to native vegetation due to lowered surficial water tables contributed to defining the water resource caution area boundaries. The SJRWMD Water Supply Assessment: 1998 (Vergara 1998)highlighted the priority water resource caution areas in which existing and anticipated water sources and conservation efforts appear inadequate to supply water for all existing legal uses and projected future needs through 2020 in a manner that sustains the water resources and related natural systems. For DWSP, SJRWMD used four water resource constraints to identify and estimate source deficits and to identify sustainable withdrawal scenarios: • Established minimum flows and levels St.Johns River Water Management District ES-15 DWSP—Executive Summary • Impacts to wetland and aquatic systems • Impacts to groundwater quality • Impacts to existing legal uses of water The initial water resource constraint was that established by adopted minimum flows and levels.The development of other water resource constraints and the analyses associated with them occurred on a regional planning-level basis,using data that were available or were developed for the planning area as a whole. These analyses were not performed at the same level of detail as that used when a proposed water use is reviewed in the context of SJRWMD's consumptive use permitting program. While DWSP water resource constraints and associated analyses are conceptually consistent with the consumptive use permitting environmental and existing legal uses protection criteria,they should not be interpreted as a final determination or application of the consumptive use permitting criteria. St.Johns River Water Management District ES-16 Water Supply Development • WATER SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT Water supply source options applicable to this DWSP include these naturally occurring sources: • Fresh groundwater • Brackish groundwater • Surface water • Seawater In addition, a number of management techniques can enhance the source of supply, sustain the water resources and related natural systems, or otherwise optimize water supply yield. These techniques include the following: • Artificial recharge • Aquifer storage recovery • Avoidance of the impacts of groundwater withdrawal through artificial hydration • Water conservation • Use of reclaimed water • Water supply systems interconnections St.Johns River Water Management District ES-17 DWSP—Executive Summary St.Johns River Water Management District ES-18 Estimated Quantity of Water and Costs ESTIMATED QUANTITY OF WATER AND COSTS For portions of SJRWMD not included in a work group area,existing water supply sources and water supply development plans are considered reasonably adequate to meet projected needs while sustaining wetland and aquatic systems.Freshwater from the Floridan aquifer currently meets most of these needs, and this traditional source of supply will continue to be adequate through 2020 in these areas. East-Central Florida (Work Group Area I) Providing for the projected increase in water use in east-central Florida in a sustainable and affordable manner will be a significant challenge to SJRWMD, the water supply utilities,local governments,DEP, and all other interested and concerned parties. Application of the east-central Florida groundwater flow model indicates that current individual utility plans to increase withdrawals from the Floridan aquifer through 2020 will not be sustainable without causing unacceptable adverse impacts to water quality,wetland and aquatic systems, and existing legal uses. If all current plans are implemented, surficial aquifer drawdowns will result in regional dewatering of sensitive wetlands sufficient to result in unacceptable adverse impacts. These wetlands impacts will occur regionally,but the ridge region of Lake County,which provides much natural recharge to the Floridan aquifer,will be impacted the greatest. DWSP is designed to prevent these and other unacceptable adverse impacts to the water resources and related natural systems, including excessive springflow reductions,saltwater intrusion,and impacts to existing legal uses. Many different Work Group Area I water supply development scenarios are possible.In each case,however,significant quantities of alternative water sources will need to be developed to meet 2020 needs. Several technical and environmentally acceptable water supply development scenarios have been identified by the Area I work group. Each of the scenarios is based on differing sets of available water sources and development constraints. Implementing any of these alternatives will require regional cooperation among major water supply utilities. Based on alternative investigations performed to date, about 158 to 241 mgd will need to be developed from alternative sources to meet the projected increased needs (340 mgd) of public supply utilities through 2020.These alternative sources include surface water,new brackish groundwater wellfields,and new fresh groundwater wellfields. Estimated St.Johns River Water Management District ES-19 DWSP—Executive Summary capital costs,in 1996 dollars,to develop these water supplies,including facilities capable of meeting 1-in-10-year drought needs, range from$1.025 billion to$1.353 billion. Associated estimated total unit production costs would range from about$0.79 per 1,000 gallons for expansion of existing Floridan aquifer wellfields to $2.10 per 1,000 gallons for development of surface water from the St.Johns River. These cost estimates are preliminary conceptual planning-level cost estimates. The cost of treating water obtained from the St.Johns River is based,in part, on partial desalting using membrane treatment to meet all primary and secondary drinking water standards for dissolved constituents. Decisions concerning the final water supply alternative will take the cooperative efforts of all concerned. SJRWMD's role will be to facilitate the decision process and to apply the available planning tools (groundwater flow and optimization models,water resource constraints, etc.)until an environmentally acceptable plan, also acceptable to the major Work Group Area I water supply utilities, is identified and implemented. Brevard County (Work Group Area IA) Several acceptable source options have been identified to meet the needs of public supply utilities in Brevard County (Table ES-4);however,the anticipated costs of these alternatives vary widely. Table ES-4. Utility-specific water supply options identified for Work Group IA 4 • 1DREW , Yr . s s q = City of Cocoa City of Melbourne * * * North Brevard K. Utilities City of Palm Bay City of Titusville * I * * St.Johns River Water Management District ES-20 Estimated Quantity of Water and Costs The estimated capital and total unit production costs associated with Work Group IA least-cost options are reported in Table ES-5. Table ES-5. Estimated costs to meet 2020 public supply needs for major Brevard �Countyy public supplyy utilitiesRati p X T+ V IM'tt�9yJ4};({.'^�y.jW t .f2y�„,°4«�}` ev; ' ;C4Fa ^'cR 'k ' t 44 M ty 41i.*.Svs'�..E......5;,rcy3£I i x, .t'� .. City of Cocoa $10.9 $0.77 City of Melbourne $58.3 $1.37 North Brevard Utilities $1.9 $0.59 • City of Palm Bay $8.5 to$11.5 $1.32 to$2.02 City of Titusville $5.5 $2.31 Total $85.1 to$88.1 1 Volusia County Area (Work Group Area II) Application of the Volusia groundwater flow model indicates that current individual utility plans to increase withdrawal from the Floridan aquifer, if implemented,will result in regional dewatering of wetlands sufficient to result in unacceptable adverse impacts. In addition,chloride concentrations would increase to unacceptable levels in some Floridan aquifer wells.Preliminary decision model results indicate that about 20 mgd of alternative water sources may need to be utilized by public supply utilities in Volusia County by 2020. Many different Work Group Area II water supply development scenarios are possible. In each case,however,alternative water sources, including surface water,will need to be developed to meet 2020 needs. Several acceptable water supply development scenarios have been identified by S)RWMD. Each of the scenarios is based on differing sets of available water sources and development constraints. Implementing any of these alternatives will require regional cooperation among major water supply utilities. Based on alternative investigations performed to date, about 18.7 to 21.3 mgd will need to be developed from alternative sources to meet the projected increased needs (43 mgd) of public supply utilities through 2020. These alternative sources include surface water and new fresh St.Johns River Water Management District ES-21 DWSP—Executive Summary groundwater wellfields. Estimated capital costs,in 1996 dollars, to develop these water supplies,including facilities capable of meeting 1-in-10-year drought needs, range from$136 million to$145 million. Associated estimated total unit production costs would range from$1.27 to $1.34 per 1,000 gallons. These cost estimates are preliminary conceptual planning-level cost estimates. The cost of treating water obtained from the St.Johns River is based, in part, on partial desalting using membrane treatment to meet all primary and secondary drinking water standards for dissolved constituents. Although the cost of developing the St.Johns River source is higher than the cost of developing additional fresh groundwater,the river offers an opportunity to develop significant quantities of water to support future growth beyond 2020,whereas fresh groundwater will likely not support this growth. In addition,the cost of developing the St.Johns River source to meet public supply needs in Volusia County could be reduced through a cooperative effort with public suppliers in Seminole,Orange, and Lake counties. Development of the final water supply alternative will take the cooperative efforts of all concerned parties. SJRWMD's role will be to facilitate the decision process and to apply the planning tools until an environmentally acceptable plan, also acceptable to the Volusian Water Alliance and major Work Group Area II water supply utilities, is identified and implemented. East-Central Flagler County (Work Group Area III) Several acceptable source options have been identified to meet the needs of public supply utilities in Flagler County (Table ES-6);however,the anticipated costs of these alternatives varies. To evaluate these options, total production costs,per 1,000 gallons,of the various supply and treatment options were estimated and compared,and the advantages and disadvantages of each were considered. Each Work Group Area III utility is free to investigate and develop any option identified in this report. All options identified are considered part of DWSP. There are,however,some clear differences among the options evaluated,including a wide range of expected costs. The estimated capital costs and unit production costs associated with Work Group Area III least-cost options are reported in Table ES-7. St.johns River Water Management District ES-22 Estimated Quantity of Water and Costs Table ES-6. Utility-specific water supply options a. PeWrgfiN4.144.',94serteaPOINalt City of Flagler Beach City of Bunnell * * Florida Water Services, Palm Coast Table ES-7. Estimated costs to meet 2020 public supply needs for Flagler County public supply utilities t 4. City of Flagler Beach 3.5 1.95 City of Bunnell 4.4 1.61 Florida Water Services, Palm Coast 20.5 1.60 Total 28.4 -, Southwestern St.Johns County and Eastern Putnam County (Work Group Area IV) Work Group Area IV encompasses the premier potato farming area in Florida. Accordingly,potato irrigation demand represents a large portion of the total water demand in the work group area. The demand for irrigation water in this area peaks in the months of March through May, and is usually highest in April.As a result of this increased demand during a low rainfall period,water levels in the Floridan aquifer regionally can decline as much as 15 feet and in areas of concentrated withdrawals,levels can drop in excess of 25 feet in a 1-month period. When these seasonal declines occur,other water users in the area may not be able to obtain adequate amounts of water to meet their needs due to lowered water levels in Floridan aquifer wells.The affected parties are typically domestic self-supply users. When problems occur,they typically fall into one of two categories: domestic systems that rely on free-flowing St.Johns River Water Management Distinct ES-23 DWSP—Executive Summary wells to supply an aerator but lose free-flow due to water level decline, or domestic systems that have pumps and piping not designed to pump water from the depths produced by the water level decline. The water supply issue centers not on an insufficient water supply,but rather on the fact that certain domestic water supply installations are not designed to accommodate the seasonal fluctuations in water level resulting from potato irrigation pumpage. With the proper pump and piping,adequate water is available even during peak irrigation season declines. This problem is best addressed by development of regulations focused on the pumping equipment associated with domestic well installations so that these installations will be constructed to avoid the impact of seasonal drawdowns. Because SJRWMD's regulatory jurisdiction under Part III of Chapter 373,FS,does not extend to pumping equipment,the pump regulations to address seasonal drawdowns should be enacted by local government. Resolution of the issue will require the cooperation of Putnam and St.Johns counties in promulgating well construction/pump ordinances. The solution eliminates the impact of seasonal declines on existing legal domestic users and avoids the construction of new domestic well systems that are inadequate for producing water during the seasonal declines. The two-pronged solution developed by Work Group Area IV is as follows: • Eliminating the Impact of Seasonal Declines on Existing Legal Domestic Users—The majority of the work group has agreed in concept to a cooperative effort to repair existing well systems when a flow loss occurs due to seasonal declines. Each loss-of-flow complaint will be investigated to verify that flow loss is directly attributable to the decline and not to a well system construction,operation,or maintenance problem. If the loss of flow is clearly due to decline, the well system will be repaired and the cost will be shared by SJRWMD and participating area water users who contribute to the problem. This cooperative approach is appropriate,considering the large number of consumptive use permittees whose withdrawals contribute to the interference with existing legal uses. Specific details regarding the cost- share arrangement and other administrative details have yet to be finalized. The funding needed to resolve this water supply issue is modest. A repair of this type typically involves adding a pump between the well and aerator and/or increasing the length of drop pipe in the well, St.Johns River Water Management District ES-24 Estimated Quantity of Water and Costs estimated to cost between$400 and $500 per well. It is estimated that there are less than 50 wells in the work group area subject to loss of flow during seasonal water level declines. The estimated maximum capital cost to resolve the existing problem is$25,000. • Avoiding Construction of Inadequate New Domestic Well Systems—SJRWMD has worked with St.Johns County and Putnam County to get county ordinances adopted to ensure that new domestic well installations are capable of producing water during the peak seasonal water level declines. Putnam County's well construction ordinance, as originally adopted, did not apply to all areas of the county subject to seasonal water level declines due to potato irrigation. SJRWMD worked with county staff to revise the ordinance to include all affected areas. The revised ordinance has been adopted by the Putnam County Board of County Commissioners. St.Johns County did not have a well construction ordinance in place to address this water supply issue. SJRWMD,supported by the Northeast Florida Growers Exchange,worked with county staff to impress the county commissioners with the need for this type of ordinance. SJRWMD provided the county with draft language for a well construction ordinance,and the ordinance has been adopted by the St.Johns County Commission. Northern St.Johns County and Southern Duval County (Work Group Area V) Water supply planning for Work Group Area V is characterized by uncertainty.The area is growing, and water supply needs will increase significantly.Fully adequate planning tools,including expanded regional groundwater and water quality models,are not available to evaluate water resource management alternatives,such as the long-term consequences of increasing fresh groundwater withdrawals. SJRWMD is developing the information and tools needed for future water supply planning. These include improved groundwater flow and solute transport models,additional wellfield monitoring and operational data, and continued wetland monitoring. This information will help mitigate the existing level of uncertainty and aid future water supply decision making. Adaptive management will likely play a major role in future water supply development;therefore,the planning process should build in some flexibility. DWSP is developed based largely on the collective judgment of St.johns River Water Management District ES-25 DWSP—Executive Summary the work group. Results and recommendations reported here may change as more information is developed. Future demand projections are also uncertain, especially for Work Group Area V,where increased population growth is both recent and rapid. Therefore, the exact rate and pattern of growth for this work group is subject to greater uncertainty than in areas with established growth patterns. If demand growth is faster than projected,then the water supply facilities discussed in this report will be needed sooner than presently expected. If growth is slower,then more time may be available to implement water supply plans. Currently,there are no known regional adverse groundwater withdrawal impacts within Work Group Area V. Some local problems,including saltwater upconing and wetlands dehydration,currently occur or are suspected,but these adverse impacts are not widespread. However, additional adverse impacts will most likely increase without careful planning. Public supply needs of Work Group Area V are currently met by fresh groundwater. This use will continue in the future,and some additional fresh groundwater resources will be available to meet these future needs. However,fresh groundwater is limited.The exact limits are currently unknown,and in most parts of Work Group Area V,fresh groundwater resource limits may be reached by 2020. As the fresh groundwater resource limits approach,each new wellfield or wellfield expansion strains resources and incurs financial risk. Utilities should evaluate these risks before planning to further develop fresh groundwater. This DWSP assumes utilities can increase fresh groundwater withdrawals, especially some of the smaller service areas with small 2020 deficits and limited alternatives. However, future analysis,to be included in the first 5-year update of this DWSP,will be needed to accurately estimate the magnitude of acceptable fresh groundwater withdrawal and decrease current planning uncertainty. Table ES-8 presents a matrix of the utility-specific options identified by the work group.Organized by service area/utility,nearly every listed option meets or exceeds the anticipated 2020 water supply needs for its respective service area. To evaluate these options, total production costs per 1,000 gallons of the various supply and treatment options were estimated and compared,and the advantages and disadvantages of each were discussed by the work group. St.johns River Water Management District ES-26 Estimated Quantity of Water and Costs All options listed in Table ES-8 are available to each utility. That is, all of the water supply options in Table ES-8 are technically and financially feasible and each utility is free to investigate and pursue development of any of these options.All listed options comprise the Work Group Area V portion of DWSP. There are,however,some dear differences among the options evaluated,including a wide range of projected costs. Table ES-8. Utility-spedfic water supply options identified by work group a GDU Julington Creek Intercoastal Utilities 'E North Beach Water System * City of St.Augustine 'F St.Joe Utilities' St.Johns County Utilities St.Johns Service Company * United Water Florida 'E City of Atlantic Beach Florida Water Services N' City of Jacksonville Beach * * JEA * * N * City of Neptune Beach Regency Utilities United Water Florida Note:In addition to the utility-specific options,this DWSP discusses and evaluates selected management techniques.These techniques include additional water conservation and reuse strategies to reduce future demands and seawater desalting to meet increased demands. 'Not evaluated by work group. St.Johns River Water Management District DWSP-Executive Summary The estimated capital and total unit production costs associated with the Work Group V water supply options are reported in Table ES-9. Because of the uncertainty associated with this work group area,ranges of expected costs and unknowns are listed as necessary. Table ES-9. Estimated costs to meet 2020 public supply needs for northern St. Johns County and southern Duval County public supply utilities r. 4f3� s4 9 36c r:ifeGDU Julington Creek $3.8 $0.58 Intercoastal Utilities $3.2 $0.40 North Beach Water System $4.7 $2.72 City of St.Augustine* - - St.Johns County Utilities $29.1 to$34.6 $1.73 to$1.86 St.Johns Service Company $0.7 $0.68 United Water Florida(St.Johns) $4.8 $0.53 Subtotal,St.Johns County $46.3 to$51.8 - City of Atlantic Beach' - - Florida Water Services $2.1 $0.49 City of Jacksonville Beach $2.8 $0.23 JEA(City of Jacksonville) Up to$37.9 Up to$0.87 City of Neptune Beach $0.7 $0.49 Regency Utilities $0.7 $0.63 United Water Florida(Duval) $5.9 $0.50 Subtotal,Duval County Up to$50.1 - Total $58.5 to$101.9 - *Existing facilities are adequate. St.Johns River Water Management Distn t ES-28 Water Supply Development Funding Sources WATER SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT FUNDING SOURCES Subparagraph 373.0361(2)(a)3,FS,requires that SJRWMD identify potential sources of funding for water supply development for the identified source options.Although nontraditional funding sources such as a local option gross receipts tax on water could become available in the future,SJRWMD has identified only more-traditional funding sources that are likely to be available. The potential funding sources identified are as follows: • Water supply utility revenues from customer charges • Local government ad valorem tax revenues • Local government special assessments • SJRWMD ad valorem tax revenues • State of Florida general revenues • Preservation 2000 and Water Management Lands Trust Funds • Federal revenues • Private investment St.Johns River Water Management District FS-29 DWSP—Executive Summary St.Johns River Water Management District ES-30 Water Supply Development Projects WATER SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS Subparagraph 373.0361(2)(a)4,FS,requires that this DWSP include a list of water supply development projects that meet the criteria in Subsection 373.0831(4),FS. Based on the provisions of Subsection 373.0831(4),FS, water supply development projects that are consistent with the relevant regional water supply plans and that meet one or more of the following criteria shall receive priority consideration for state or water management district funding assistance: • The project supports establishment of a dependable,sustainable supply of water which is not otherwise financially feasible(Subparagraph 373.0831(4)(a)1,FS) • The project provides substantial environmental benefits by preventing or limiting adverse water resource impacts,but requires funding assistance to be economically competitive with other options(Subparagraph 373.0831(4)(a)2,FS) • The project significantly implements reuse,storage,recharge,or conservation of water in a manner that contributes to the sustainability of regional water sources (Subparagraph 373.0831(4)(a)3,FS) SJRWMD has identified and described water supply source options for its entire jurisdiction.However,specific water supply development projects based on these identified source options, in most cases,have not been finally decided upon by water suppliers. SJRWMD anticipates that the proposed regional decision-making project will provide the mechanism for identifying specific water supply development projects in Work Group Areas I and H. Several water supply development projects are being actively discussed, investigated,and, in one instance,implemented by public supply utilities in SJRWMD. These projects meet or exceed one or more of the criteria listed in Subsection 373.0831(4),FS,and are described as follows: • St.Johns River Water Supply Facility Component of the Eastern I-4 Corridor Water Project • Eastern Orange and Seminole Counties Regional Reuse Component of the Eastern I-4 Corridor Water Project • City of Apopka Reuse Component of the Eastern I-4 Corridor Water Project • North-Central St.Johns County Wellfield Project St.Johns River Water Management District ES-31 DWSP—Executive Summary • Strategic Water Conservation Assistance Project • Strategic Reclaimed Water Assistance Project St. Johns River Water Supply Facility Component of the Eastern I-4 Corridor Water Project Water supply development alternatives included in this DWSP rely on the St.Johns River to supply up to 221 mgd to meet projected 2020 demands. SJRWMD anticipates that one or more surface water supply facilities will be developed on the St.Johns River from De Land in Volusia County upstream to Lake Washington in Brevard County. Consistent with the requirements of Subparagraph 373.0831(4)(a)2,FS,development of these facilities will provide substantial environmental benefits by preventing or limiting adverse water resource impacts,but will require funding assistance to be economically competitive with other options. SJRWMD, in cooperation with the Volusian Water Alliance and Seminole County,has completed preliminary investigations of two potential sites along the St.Johns River near Lake Monroe. Eastern Orange and Seminole Counties Regional Reuse Component of the Eastern I-4 Corridor Water Project This project will provide for the effective use of large quantities of reclaimed water,which are available in eastern Orange and Seminole counties and which otherwise would be discharged to the St.Johns River. The project focuses on system interconnections to transport reclaimed water from areas of surplus to areas of need. Consistent with the requirements of Subparagraph 373.0831(4)(a)3,FS,this project will significantly implement reuse in a manner that contributes to the sustainability of regional sources. SJRWMD, in cooperation with the City of Orlando,Orange County,the Orlando Utilities Commission,Seminole County,the City of Oviedo,and the University of Central Florida is currently developing specific reuse scenarios and cost estimates for this project. City of Apopka Reuse Component of the Eastern I-4 Corridor Water Project This project will relieve the use of substantial amounts of groundwater for irrigation in the area that supplies groundwater to springs in the headwaters of the Wekiva River. Consistent with the requirements of Subparagraph 373.0831(4)(a)3,FS,this project significantly implements reuse in a manner that contributes to the sustainability of regional sources. St.Johns River Water Management District ES-32 Water Supply Development Projects The additional reuse capacity provided by this project also will ensure adequate flow to meet peak demands and prevent future shortfalls of reclaimed water supply as experienced by the City of Apopka during dry conditions for the last several years.Project components include the upgrade of an existing 2-mgd wastewater treatment facility to public area reuse standards,increased storage, additional pump station capacity,and installation of additional infrastructure to distribute reclaimed water. North-Central St. Johns County Wellfield Project Development of a new Floridan aquifer wellfield with a membrane softening treatment facility in the northern portion of St.Johns County has been identified as a feasible water supply option to meet projected 2020 needs for St.Johns County Utility.Land holdings adequate to provide for flexibility in wellfield design and management are critical to this project. In addition,management of desalting concentrate from the treatment process is likely to prove challenging and costly.Consistent with the requirements of Subparagraph 373.0831(4)(a)1,FS, this project will support the establishment of a dependable, sustainable supply of water which would otherwise not be financially feasible. Strategic Water Conservation Assistance Project SJRWMD is firmly committed to maximizing water conservation to the extent technically,environmentally, and economically feasible. This commitment to water conservation is districtwide,not focused only on priority water resource caution areas. SJRWMD's consumptive use permitting rules require that all permitted water users implement water conservation measures in order to demonstrate efficient water use. As a result, all water users,including all public supply utilities in SJRWMD, currently implement water conservation practices. The water conservation programs implemented by public supply utilities are primarily designed to improve utility efficiency and reduce individual customer water use.The Water 2020 estimates used in the demand-center-specific options analysis account for these current programs. However,it is reasonable to assume that additional water conservation initiatives could be developed and become available in the future to further enhance current practices. Water Conservation Plan SJRWMD proposes to provide water supply development assistance by developing a Water Conservation Plan that will guide SJRWMD activities St.Johns River Water Management District ES-33 DWSP—Executive Summary and assist water users by identifying additional water conservation strategies and projects that could be implemented to further reduce water demands. These strategies and projects will be designed to maximize conservation of water within environmentally, economically, and technically feasible limits. While conservation is the responsibility of the water users,SJRWMD anticipates that cooperative funding may be available to implement some strategies and projects that would otherwise be economically infeasible. The Water Conservation Plan is being developed in cooperation with SJRWMD's Water Utility Advisory Board and Agricultural Advisory Committee and other interested parties. SJRWMD proposes that this will be an ongoing project effort that will be reviewed and updated on a regular basis. A draft of the plan is scheduled for completion in June 2000.Individual project schedules and costs will be identified as part of the plan development process. At a minimum,this water conservation plan will address the following components: • Further documentation of feasible conservation projects for different categories of water use • Data collection and analysis, including estimating savings in water consumption and costs of conservation • Research concerning the effectiveness of water conservation practices • Cooperative development of water conservation education between SJRWMD and public supply utilities • Provisions for consideration of cost-shared assistance for practices that would be otherwise economically infeasible Strategic Reclaimed Water Assistance Project SJRWMD's consumptive use permitting rules currently require that water users use reclaimed water and other lower quality sources whenever feasible. As a result,many utilities within SJRWMD have active reuse programs. SJRWMD is committed to the continuation and expansion of these reuse programs. Development of future water supply options identified in this plan does not lessen SJRWMD's commitment to this effort;reuse options considered in this DWSP would supplement existing programs. SJRWMD is firmly committed to assisting water users in maximizing the use of reclaimed water to the extent technically,environmentally, and St.Johns River Water Management District ES-34 Water Supply Development Projects economically feasible. This commitment to reuse is districtwide,not focused solely on priority water resource caution areas. SJRWMD proposes to provide water supply development assistance by developing a Reclaimed Water Plan that will identify additional strategic reuse initiatives and regional projects. These initiatives and projects will be designed to assist water users in maximizing the use of reclaimed water within environmentally,economically, and technically feasible limits. While the use of reclaimed water is the responsibility of the water users,SJRWMD anticipates that cooperative funding may be available for implementation of some of these strategies and projects that would otherwise be economically infeasible.This plan will be developed in cooperation with SJRWMD's Water Utility Advisory Board and Agricultural Advisory Committee and other interested parties.At a minimum,this plan should address the following components: • Data collection, documentation, and analysis of the current status of reuse that can be used by utilities and others to plan for additional reuse • Identification of additional regional reuse projects and coordination of planning between utilities and local governments • Coordination of reclaimed water and reuse education between SJRWMD and public-supply utilities • Cost-shared assistance for implementation of reuse projects that would otherwise be economically infeasible • Provisions for limited cost-sharing,when needed,for feasibility assessments of specific reuse projects SJRWMD proposes that this will be an ongoing project effort that will be reviewed on a regular basis. Individual project schedules and costs will be identified as part of the plan development process. St.Johns River Water Management District ES-35 DWSP—Executive Summary St.Johns River Water Management District ES-36 Water Resource Development WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT SJRWMD has developed a water resource development program in association with its regional water supply planning effort. This water resource development program includes water resource development projects based on the provisions of Subsection 373.0361(2)(b),FS. Based on the definition of water resource development included in Subsection 373.019(19),FS, SJRWMD considers a water resource development project to be a project that contributes to the formulation and implementation of the following regional water resource management strategies: • The collection and evaluation of surface water and groundwater data • Structural and nonstructural programs to protect and manage water resources • The development of regional water resource implementation programs • The construction,operation,and maintenance of major public works facilities to provide for flood control,surface and underground water storage,and groundwater recharge augmentation • Related technical assistance to local governments and to government- owned and privately owned water utilities Following is a list of water resource development projects that have been identified by SJRWMD in this DWSP: • Abandoned artesian well plugging program • Adaptive management project • Aquifer protection program • Aquifer storage recovery feasibility testing • Central Florida aquifer recharge enhancement program • Cooperative well retrofit project • Demineralization concentrate management project • Facilitation of regional decision-making process • Feasibility of seawater demineralization projects • Hydrologic data collection and analysis • Investigation of areas where domestic self-supply wells are sensitive to water level fluctuation • Regional aquifer management project • Surface water in-stream monitoring and treatability studies • Wetland augmentation demonstration program St.Johns River Water Management District ES-37 DWSP—Executive Summary St.johns River Water Management District ES-38 Recommendations RECOMMENDATIONS SJRWMD has developed strategies for implementation of this DWSP. These implementation strategies are included in the following categories: • Minimum flows and levels • Water resource development projects • Water supply development projects • Consumptive use permitting process • Intergovernmental,water supplier,and public coordination SJRWMD proposes the following actions for each of these categories. Minimum Flows and Levels • As part of the annual update to SJRWMD's Priority List and Schedule for the Establishment of Minimum Flows and Levels (MFLs), give due consideration to water supply sources identified in DWSP • Continue with the establishment of MFLs in accordance with the approved priority list and schedule • Perform ongoing monitoring and periodic re-evaluation of MFLs • Develop and refine groundwater and surface water models, including an interface between groundwater and surface water models,where appropriate, to predict if water withdrawals will cause water levels and flows to fall below established MFLs Water Supply Development • Assist in identifying water supply development projects through the proposed regional decision-making process • Complete timely and regular updates of DWSP, as needed,to incorporate the results of regional decision making and further feasibility investigations • Assist in implementing water supply development projects through technical assistance and cooperative funding • Consider the following projects for priority funding: St.Johns River Water Supply Facility Component of the Eastern I-4 Corridor Water Project St.Johns River Water Management District ES-39 DWSP—Executive Summary • Eastern Orange and Seminole Counties Regional Reuse Component of the Eastern I-4 Corridor Water Project • City of Apopka Reuse Component of the Eastern I-4 Corridor Water Project • North-Central St.Johns County Wellfield Project • Strategic Water Conservation Assistance Project • Strategic Reclaimed Water Assistance Project Water Resource Development • Implement the following water resource development projects: • Abandoned artesian well plugging program • Adaptive management project • Aquifer protection program • Aquifer storage recovery feasibility testing • Central Florida aquifer recharge enhancement program • Cooperative well retrofit project • Demineralization concentrate management project • Facilitation of regional decision-making process • Feasibility of seawater demineralization projects • Hydrologic data collection and analysis • Investigation of areas where domestic self-supply wells are sensitive to water level fluctuation • Regional aquifer management project • Surface water in-stream monitoring and treatability studies • Wetland augmentation demonstration program Consumptive Use Permitting Process • Make available all data,scientific analyses, and modeling and other information developed in the DWSP process for use by permit applicants as part of establishing that their water use meets the applicable consumptive use permitting criteria • Encourage participation by water supply utilities and other consumptive use permit applicants in a regional decision-making process in areas where such a process is important to the successful future development of regional public water supplies St.Johns River Water Management District ES-40 Recommendations • If one or more utilities attempt to disrupt or bypass the regional decision-making process, SJRWMD should consider initiation of rulemaking to amend its consumptive use permitting rules to establish specific public interest factors to be used in the case of competing applications pursuant to Section 373.233,FS • Consider initiation of the rulemaking process to amend the permit duration provisions of SJRWMD's consumptive use permitting rules which may serve to encourage selection of water supply options consistent with DWSP and the subsequent regional decision-making process • Use the coordinated review of consumptive use permits as provided for in the Memorandum of Understanding between SJRWMD,the South Florida Water Management District(SFWMD),and the Southwest Florida Water Management District(SWFWMD) to address and resolve concerns about interdistrict impacts Intergovernmental, Water Supplier, and Public Coordination Coordination With Other WMDs and DEP • Continue active participation in the Water Planning Coordination Group • Continue active participation in the Interdistrict MFLs Framework Group • Continue to implement the provisions of the tri-district Memorandum of Understanding and develop a cooperative planning strategy with SFWMD and SWFWMD for areas which could experience interdistrict impacts,to be implemented in future updates of the water supply plans of these WMDs • Continue coordination with other WMDs and DEP on an as-needed basis Coordination With Local Governments • Continue coordination with local governments through water supply planning work groups and through meetings on an as-needed basis • Develop and implement strategies for improved coordination with local government elected officials,with special consideration given to the formation of groups such as the Brevard Water Supply Board and the Volusian Water Alliance St.Johns River Water Management District ES-41 DWSP—Executive Summary Coordination With Water Suppliers • Continue current coordination links,particularly those with SJRWMD's Water Utility Advisory Board and Agricultural Advisory Committee, adjusting the intensity of coordination as necessary based on the regional decision-making process Coordination With the State of Georgia • Continue coordination with the State of Georgia Environmental Protection Division Coordination With the Federal Government • Continue to actively seek federal funding for identified water supply and water resource development projects • Continue to coordinate with EPA and DEP to improve the ability to implement identified water supply development projects while ensuring necessary water resource protection Coordination With Other Affected Parties and the Public • Update SJRWMD water supply planning outreach plan annually and implement the updated plan • Continue to manage the Division of Water Supply Management comprehensive communications database • Continue to maintain the SJRWMD Web site, updating as necessary with pertinent water supply planning information St.Johns River Water Management District ES-a7 { .4.IOHNs A/vs n vim?? IF A9y�NS�EME 0`� If you would like to learn more about the water supply planning process or any other programs or projects conducted by the St. Johns River Water Management District, you may call or write any of the following: N 9 tvi- St. Johns River Water Management District P.O. Box 1429 " Highway 100 West Palatka, FL 32178-1429 - -" (386) 329-4170 Division of Water Supply Management (386) 329-4540 Office of Communications and Governmental Affairs Or visit us on the Internet at sjrwmd.com r /14 Using surface water for drinking C2All -101'" District studies withdrawing and treating surface water fir the cluture as a way to expand Florida's drinking water supplies Introduction Florida's water management districts and FAST FACT Supplying drinking water to a growing cooperating utilities are looking for ways to FAST FAC74 population is not a challenge unique to expand existing water supply sources and are Florida. It is a worldwide concern. looking for ways to develop alternative water Most drin sources. One of those alternatives is to use ater comes from Only 3 percent of the Earth's water is freshwater, more surface water for drinking. two sources — and 77 percent of this freshwater is frozen in surface water ice caps, glaciers and inland seas. In spite of Use of surface water nd groundwater the limited amount of available freshwater, Using water from rivers, lakes and streams III water use has soared—increasing at twice is not new—even in Florida. Until the the rate of population growth.According to mid-1950s, the greater Orlando area relied pproximately 98 the World Resources Institute, by 2025, nearly on lakes for its water supply. Now, however, percent of all the 50 percent of the world's population will all the public water supply there comes St. Johns River face water shortages. from groundwater. Water 1. Management The majority of the world's population Today,the Hillsborough River supplies District's public uses water from rivers, lakes and water for the Tampa area, the Peace streams for drinking. River is a source of water supply water supply for the city of Port Charlotte, comes from More than 60 percent of the / and the Manatee River is one groundwater. population of the United !" •' .• 4 �. � water source for the city States gets its drinking _ " - of Bradenton. Groundwater will water from surface water : ,i- t:'• ~`Y likelynot be able bodies. Surface water is �' In the St. Johns River Water used primarily in New :f it Management District, to meet all future England, the Great Lakes \104,4014- ` surface water is used in water demandsit region, Kentucky, Nevada, Brevard County, where the without causing North Carolina,Ohio,Colorado city of Melbourne gets most of harm to the and Georgia. 'II .. its drinking water from Lake natural systems, ` ¢ Washington and a portion of the so alternatives Florida's water use city of Cocoa's water supply comes from must be found. In Florida, however, the trend is different. the Taylor Creek reservoir. About 90 percent of the public water supply here comes from groundwater, ranking To meet future water needs within the Florida second in the United States in District,the Ocklawaha and the St. Johns percentage of groundwater use. rivers have been identified as potential sources of water.The District is currently Fresh groundwater in Florida is limited. As involved in a three-year, $3 million project fir.` Florida's population grows and demand for —the St. Johns River Water Supply Project— water increases, groundwater will probably to determine how much water can safely be r not be able to meet the needs of the growing used,whether it can be treated to the high population without causing harm to the standards necessary for public use,where the natural systems. best locations are to develop treatment facilities, and who will use the treated water. Continued on back St. Johns River Water Management District • P.O. Box 1429 • Palatka, FL 32178-1429 Phone: (386) 329-4500 (Palatka headquarters switchboard) • On the Internet: sjrwmd.com 8/29/01 Surface water public-supply withdrawal locations in Florida (Fscam:la�• I i — • •W ton ' Holmes 6 Jackson _ 08,Santa Rosa I "` I I -IV!'- I mall, '• :�..s awn; �m..m — 4 A IL i Okaloosa 1 • :`Washington __....-. - ,' I --�- 0'_' --'= vit .0-•-•---_ ! m-- i, .IGads:.n�',L,. _s m. :: „� t-:T i ..ii I„• Bay 'Calhoun ,f Leon i pJeRerso,= Madiso: `. I. f• I Baker'' Liberty•:•Wakulta '- f: ' _ : i;Ka ::bi. ^,. r ilk ���. l.. . n1 t c .. I t Suw....a ;� mc.; _„_ �� T i m a� .•— A Guff • ” \ Taylo ' •`�•. i („r<,,, •r ! Clay !St. :: , I Franklin !Lafayette t -•s•f•sem. i c� ,. ��i t �raar:m; c.��. s -Vis° , chrisk" •nrLi4 ,t C ,o..c. .=I c.�...u`«- lPaloamp„ I -- r pt• c4,Flagle Dixie f• .. �p,fl:P"7: I. 1.rn. ' -.4¢. r p :Ira ra l'.. St.Johns River Water Management District Levy µms., South Florida Water Management District L.0„,.....,.., - Southwest Florida Water Management District ',.._ , Lake Suwannee River Water Management District ` -,'"' • .a„a �T :s.,imle , Northwest Florida Water Management District 4a•. ",mtea - m"' a -rte `' ,' 0 40 80 c -s: . as,•Lestea.L Pa • Withdrawal locations Approximate scale in miles 1. ° : ,,:, c amn A c'' Ati, Imok.% A .011,64CL— : '—'\ "IP. Major area served County Water source FJ--_- _ I _ Ri�: 1 Panama City Beach Bay Deer Point Lake - 0 �~ : mg ,, t 2 Quincy Gadsden Quincy Creek _.lra:"_ ! "+ 3 Clewiston Hendry Lake Okeechobee ! . - :�w.`Aura `-.400 ;Si. s.asota t Soto ;lit :end_'..-•-•, :�.--- 4 Fort Myers Lee Caloosahatchee River _ 5 Fort Myers Lee Caloosahatchee River V:. 11 ! odes 6 Okeechobee Okeechobee Lake Okeechobee ,Charlotte I m`,. , .. k 7 South Bay Palm Beach Lake Okeechobee Q 1,4�r�i °° 8 8 Belle Glade Palm Beach Lake Okeechobee rye i - Hendry-: 7 !! I Palm Beach i, 9 Pahokee Palm Beach Lake Okeechobee I ��f` 10 West Palm Beach Palm Beach Clear Lake ` Collier `--•-•-- 11 Punta Gorda Charlotte Shell Creek -Brotrard 12 Small residential area Citrus Unnamed lake rll, 13 Port Charlotte Desoto Peace River _„_„ sf 14 Small residential area Hernando Unknown N 6 A g 15 Small residential area Highlands Bonnet Lake Canal Monroe! Dade r ' 16 Tampa Hillsborough Hillsborough River ! •—e I t: J 17 Tampa Bay Hillsborough Hillsborough River 18 Tampa Bay Hillsborough Alalia River i if 19 Tampa Bay Hillsborough Tampa Bypass Canal 20 Small residential area Manatee Lake Manatee e 21 Bradenton Manatee Ward Lake « 22 Small residential area Pasco Unnamed lake _ w-''' 23 Four Lakes Golf Club Polk Retention pond •' 24 Winter Haven Polk Lake Lulu 25 Cypress Lakes Venture Polk Unknown 26 Sweetwater Polk Retention pond 27 North Port Sarasota Big Slough 28 Melbourne area beaches Brevard Lake Washington 29 Cocoa Orange Taylor Creek ED St. Johns River Water Management District P.O. Box 1429 • Palatka, FL 32178-1429 Phone: (386) 329-4500 (Palatka headquarters switchboard) On the Internet: sjrwrnd.corn 8/29/01 /" St. Johns River water supply C2-ter `r theclature A component of the east-central Florida water supply initiative Introduction In April 2000, the St. Johns River Water FAST FACTS Management District adopted the District li Water Supply Plan (DWSP) which is designed The demand for to address current and future water demands, aly., traditional and alternative water sources, and water in east central water supply infrastructure improvements Florida is projected , required to meet the water supply needs ,to increase by abou within the District's jurisdiction through 2020. ; '54 percent by 202 4 The east-central Florida The St. Johns water supply initiative - River has been The initiative includes a number of projects designed to satisfy the growing needs of identified as one of east-central Florida while protecting valuable the most favorable water-dependent natural resources (see map and productive on back). _. alternative sources of � ' i water to meet Some of the projects include increased water those demands. conservation and reuse,artificial recharge and alternative water supply source development. The St. Johns River has been identified as a potential This project is being Development of alternative water sources, source of water for east central Florida. coordinated for the such as surface water and brackish groundwater, What are the details? District by Taurant will be necessary to supply the increasing Due to strong local interest, the initial Consulting, Inc., of demands for water in east-central Florida. investigations are focusing on the river near Longwood. For more Lake Monroe as a source of water for use in information about this Why is the St. Johns River Seminole and Volusia counties. Because so important? surface water is inherently variable in both project, contact Jerry It is projected that a significant amount of quantity and quality,water quality monitoring M. Salsano, project water from the St. Johns River is available for and treatability studies are required before manager, at (407) water supply.This surface water is important adequate surface water withdrawal,treatment, 884-8800 or e-mail because future demands for water from the and storage systems can be designed. at jsalsano@cfl.rr.com. Floridan aquifer probably cannot be met without harming wetlands, lakes and springs The investigations include: or increasing saltwater intrusion. Water quality and streamflow characteristics —St. Johns River water quality and streamflow To develop this water source, it must first be characteristics are being assessed by the determined how much can safely be used, District and the U.S. Geological Survey as how it can be treated to the high standards part of a federal-state cooperative program. necessary for public use,where the best The study area for this project is the area of the �r■� locations are to develop treatment facilities, and St. Johns River from the outlet of Lake Poinsett InAmOkui who may best use the treated water. These to De Land, Fla. Four sites on the St.Johns River INNAmotswo knotte~ investigations are currently under way. are being sampled to determine concentrations Continued on back St. Johns River Water Management District • P.O. Box 1429 • Palatka, FL 32178-1429 Phone: (386) 329-4500 (Palatka headquarters switchboard) • On the Internet: sjrwmd.com 8/29/01 of a wide variety of constituents. Sampling began in areas.Water demand will be projected based upon January 2000 and is scheduled to end in September 2002. projections of population, households, utility connections and nonresidential development.An evaluation of the Minimum flows and levels (MFLs)—MFLs are being affordability to the end user of the water produced by the developed to ensure that water withdrawals from the St. surface water plant will be prepared. Johns River will not harm the river, its tributaries and associated wetlands. Establishing MFLs will help If the St. Johns River is to be developed, a method for determine how much river water is available for other uses, storing the water must be established.Aquifer storage while protecting the upstream and downstream river system. recovery is an alternative way of storing water underground in certain locations where the conditions are An MFL environmental advisory group has been appropriate. Testing is planned to determine where this established to solicit input and seek consensus from the technique can best be used. general public and knowledgeable interested parties. How long will the project take? Surface water treatment plant siting study—The purpose The project began in 2001 and will take approximately 36 of this investigation is to identify the best locations to place months to complete. The District has estimated a total surface water treatment facilities. This identification cost of$3 million to accomplish all three parts of this process will evaluate: project. • Sites for water intake from the St. Johns River • Locations for the storage of raw and/or treated water Where do we go from here? •Water treatment plant locations When the studies are completed, enough information will • Suitable locations for management of have been obtained for water suppliers in the east-central demineralized concentrate Florida area to make decisions concerning the development • Pipeline corridors for moving water of regional water treatment facilities on the St. Johns River. Surface water treatability and demineralized �4 PUTNAM ' concentrate management study—To determine the ") � o East-central Florida L treatment requirements of the St. Johns River, a pilot- \ water supply initiative scale water treatment plant will be designed and J l- Y planning area constructed, and actual testing and treatment of the FLAGLER 1 - - \ Daytona Beach water will be performed. Throughout this process, MARION 1 i s scientists will conduct raw and finished water1 New - Interstate analyses both in the field and in analytical vie- `2' q ` a BecnaWRoad Water supply laboratories and engineers will evaluate and select ` VOLUSIA �\ — planning area \ County boundary the optimum treatment processes to produce high- \ Water bod y quality potable water. They will also develop options w Ii and costs for treatment to other standards, such as } LAKEgliF q for reuse system augmentation and for recharge into s TER \ E I Kennedy the aquifer. � 4. s7Z �r sEMuvoLE \I•Titusville Center .._ ' -\ I1 Orlando I A byproduct of the treatment process is a F Oisney ORANGE \B' VARD orld I concentrate containing minerals and salts that must be managed in an environmentally safe manner. I �� •°o Options for managing that concentrate will be cc _„ ® , .,; evaluated as part of this study. liSC�� i • ' JL • e.ourne Demand projection and affordability study—This - - - N 'OLK �� a study is designed to provide accurate population and A m I appropriate land use projections to determine water 0 8 16 1 demand projections in specific public supply service A x matelsca'e in mile �. INDIAN RIVFR St. Johns River Water Management District • P.O. Box 1429 • Palatka, FL 32178-1429 ..�:. Phone: (386) 329-4500 (Palatka headquarters switchboard) • On the Internet:sjrwmd.com ..rte 8/29/01 r- /' East-central Florida WtheAl Wier water supply initiative fer Future Meeting future water needs Introduction In April 2000, the St. Johns River Water FAST FACTS Management District's Governing Board $014 4;_ ' ' approved the District's first long-term water supply plan.The plan identifies areas within w<W. Fresh groundwater the District—priority water resource caution may not be able to ' 411110 areas (PWRCAs)—that may not be able to s. -��,as meet all future meet water supply needs through the year 2020 .7".,.., C,,41,, ' '';� :' ` ,, water needs. from current and anticipated sources without "j`, } ,...; oll causing harm to those resources and related Ao 1' fF The St.Johns River natural systems. Large portions of east-central Water Management Florida were identified in the plan as PWRCAs. k.' The Wekiva River—a District is investigating I, A; To meet future water needs within the east- "+w natural oasis the development of central Florida planning area (see map on in an urban alternative sources back), which includes the PWRCAs,the District environment. of water. has initiated many projects to sustain or eii enhance current water sources and to part of the agricultural supply. This source This project is being develop new sources. will not be able to meet all future needs without damaging wetlands, lowering lake levels, coordinated for the Demand projections reducing spring flows, or increasing saltwater District by Taurant Water Use(mgd) Change intrusion. Consulting, Inc., of Category 1995 2020 (mgd) Longwood. For more Public supply 285 640 355 East-central Florida has valuable water information about this Domestic self-supply 31 26 -5 resources worth protecting. For example, the Agricultural irrigation 258 231 -27 Wekiva River system is home to several project, contact Jerry Recreational irrigation 66 98 32 ecological systems identified as needing M. Salsano, project CommerciaUndustriaVinstitutional 22 26 4 protection. Spring flows from the aquifer manager, at (407) and other uses sustain these communities.Also, there are 884-8800 or e-mail Total 662 1,021 359 about 500,000 acres of wetlands and numerous at jsalsano©cfl.rr.com. sensitive lakes and springs in the region. Population Percent County 1995 2020 ' Change Competition for water Brevard 444,992 653,800 47 Without a plan to sustain current sources and Lake 176,931 297,100 68 develop new sources of water, east-central Orange 758,962 1,231,900 62 Florida is poised for costly competition among Seminole 324,130 514,800 59 11110 major water supply utilities. 1 Volusia 402,970 574,400 43 Total 2,107,985 3,272,000 55 Seventy-eight public supply utilities serve the region, and most would prefer to continue to Existing resource is limited use the Floridan aquifer to meet their future and worth protecting needs. Developing alternative water sources The Floridan aquifer provides almost all of and implementing alternative management the region's existing public supply and a large Continued on back St. Johns River Water Management District • P.O. Box 1429 • Palatka, FL 32178-1429 Phone: (386) 329-4500 (Palatka headquarters switchboard) • On the Internet: sjrwmd.com 8/30/01 strategies require cooperation and consensus among water Surface water is one of the most promising options.The St. suppliers.The District is facilitating subgroups in east- Johns River may provide significant quantities of water central Florida to encourage joint decision making about without causing harm to the river system.The lower how to meet future water needs. Ocklawaha River may also provide significant quantities.The District is currently completing technical investigations needed Sustaining, enhancing current supplies to support the use of the St.Johns River, including surface In addition to managing current supplies through the water treatability, treatment plant siting and service area consumptive use permitting process,the District is identification. aggressively pursuing projects to increase water conservation and reuse.These activities include enhanced If the St. Johns River is to be developed, a method for public education, cost-share programs and water supply storing the water must be established.Aquifer storage system interconnections. Other projects include: recovery is an alternative way of storing water underground in certain locations where the conditions are appropriate. Aquifer recharge enhancement—Additional aquifer Testing is planned to determine where this technique can recharge in central Florida could significantly increase the best be used. available fresh groundwater supplies. Using reclaimed water or storm water as a source of recharge could The District is also investigating seawater desalinization. enhance natural recharge. However, one major issue to be Potential plant sites are being identified. addressed is the potential for bacterial contamination of the aquifer. The demonstration phase of this project will Costs of meeting demand focus on determining the fate of contaminants in the Alternative sources of water will require greater capital aquifer, determining the feasibility and costs of treatment, investments than traditional sources. For example, and developing treatment standards. developing enough groundwater supplies to meet future needs could cost about$400 million, but may result in Regional aquifer management—Projected groundwater unacceptable environmental harm. Alternative sources withdrawals for public supply in Volusia County will result could cost$1 to$2 billion. in unacceptable adverse impacts to the water resources and related natural systems in the a t � ' \ area .Impacts to wetlands and lakes and / PUTNA g• " East-central Florida saltwater intrusion are of particular concern.This ` FLAGLER ` water supply initiative project has been initiated with the Volusian Water 1 \ planning area MARION Alliance. Daytona j Beach A plan is being developed that will incorporate I ntestata New �y 0 �. 4 Smyrna goad various strategies, including wetland hydration s` s Beach _ Wale supply with storm water and reclaimed water, water \ _ °'' VOLUSIA � planning area • •\ \ County boundary supply facility interconnection, artificial recharge 1;c. a .. X water body and wellfield optimization. )11), t LAKE -3 , Wetland augmentation—Augmenting water S MER \\a‘ 4 1 I Kennedy levels in wetlands is one way to avoid wetland y°rte sEMu�oLE' Space Center NS `# - I.Titusville impacts resulting from lowering of aquifer water , t \' Orlando ';` levels. Several demonstration projects have been ORANGE \13' YARD Disney initiated to develop monitoring, design, Won* construction and operation procedures that can Y 1 c. .. .. 4 ` be used to fully evaluate this technique as an alternative water supply development strategy. �� ® ` dSCEOLA I �+a • ., Alternative water sources 1 l e••ume Transporting fresh groundwater and use of _- -- N •Lx ®n in brackish groundwater, surface water and A Iv 1 0 8 16 r tikM 1 seawater are options for meeting future needs. T r , Iii I Approximate scale a miles di INDIAN RIVER 1 St. Johns River Water Management District • P.O. Box 1429 • Palatka, FL 32178-1429 Phone: (386) 329-4500 (Palatka headquarters switchboard) • On the Internet:sjrwmd.com 8/30/01 f- /sDemineralization concentrate As C-Pa3lter management project _6r the Future Project is part of the District's water supply plan implementation What is demineralization The District's water supply plan identifies concentrate? traditional and alternative water source FAST FAC Demineralization concentrate is the byproduct options to meet future water needs. produced when brackish surface and groundwater The District s or seawater is treated with a pressure driven Several of the alternative water source options membrane process called reverse osmosis or identified in the plan, including surface population is nanofiltration.This process removes minerals, water, brackish groundwater and seawater, rojected to increase including salt,from the water. will result in demineralization concentrate. y 50 percent by the year 2020. Environmentally friendly concentrate disposal What management options iiii methods must be developed before brackish will be considered orty percent of the groundwater,brackish surface water or seawater Several management options are available can be tapped as a drinking water source. for consideration, including: District will not be,� • Placing in dee p injection wells The St. Johns River Water Management • Discharging to surface waters water supply needs District is currently evaluating management • Spreading over land surfaces from existing water practices for disposing of the concentrate • Discharging to wastewater treatment sources withou byproduct while protecting the water resources. facilities causing harm to • Reusing the byproduct those water Why is this project • Directing flow to the ocean important? resources. These The District's Governing Board adopted a Management of the concentrate byproduct is areas are known as water supply plan in April 2000.The plan subject to regulatory requirements of the priority water, addresses current and future water needs Florida Department of Environmental resource through the year 2020. Protection(FDEP). caution areas. Total water demand is projected to increase FDEP requirements are based on federal Development of by 35 percent. Projected public supply guidelines administered by the U.S. demand accounts for approximately 85 percent Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). alternative water of this increase. sources will be As part of this project, identification of necessary to supply Currently, the Floridan aquifer—the main acceptable management practices will be the increasing groundwater source in north and east-central accomplished through a coordinated effort demands for water. Florida—provides almost all of the region's with FDEP, EPA, public water supply utilities, existing water needs for public supply. The local governments and other interested Floridan aquifer is a good quality, economical stakeholders. Public input will be encouraged and highly reliable water source. throughout this process. 0 However, the Floridan aquifer cannot provide What information needs all future water supply needs in the region to be gathered without damaging wetlands, reducing spring Developing a plan to manage the concentrate flows or increasing the likelihood of involves careful analysis of many factors. saltwater intrusion. Continued on back St. Johns River Water Management District • P.O. Box 1429 • Palatka, FL 32178-1429 Phone: (386) 329-4500 (Palatka headquarters switchboard) • On the Internet: http://sjr.state.f.us 5/22/01 The types of information that will be gathered and analyzed Project management in the development of this management plan include: This project is being coordinated for the District by Reiss • Existing technologies Environmental Inc. of Winter Park. For more information • Existing projects about this project, contact Marc Cannata, project engineer, • Environmental and cultural impacts at (407) 679-5358, or e-mail at macannata@reissenv.com. • Current and future regulations • Extensive evaluation of disposal alternatives 3 NASSAU DUVAL 7 ••' BAKER = . ` . t UNION + ST JOHNS\i CLAY BRADFORD 5 • t. ....r . ALACHUA PUTNAM 7------1— FLAGLER • ;MARION � �, VOLUSIA T� . i-' H j LAKE i SUMTER SEMINOLE Z it s--1 'ORANGE j BREVARD it I PASCO l` — .i. ‘, 1 / n POLK r OSCEjLA INDIAN RIVE • Priority water resource caution areas within the St.Johns River Water Management District ••••r SJRWMD boundary LI Priority water resource caution areas 1Ag1►eN" - County boundary a' Water body gin.: 9 0 9 Miles VIM Immilii Scale 1:1650000 Fluctuating lake levels Central Florida's lakes formed from sinkholes—areas where the FAST FACT Thousands of large and small lakes dot the erosion of underground limestone allowed Florida landscape, adding to the state's unique depressions to form in the Earth. environment.About 35 percent of Florida's Rainfall is the single lakes, predominantly shallow water bodies, are Some lakes are naturally connected to other greatest factor in four central Florida counties—Lake, water bodies, allowing water to move among affecting lake Orange, Osceola and Polk. lakes and between lakes and rivers. Other water levels. lakes are artificially connected to one another Central Florida's lakes add to the quality of life by canals dug many decades ago to relocate imiiiiiiiiiii for the state's residents and visitors, offering water, in many cases to protect farms and an abundance of opportunities for fishing, communities from floods. boating, wildlife viewing, swimming and other recreational activities. The region's lakes also Most of central Florida's lakes are landlocked, provide habitat critical to the survival of receiving water directly from rainfall, from alligators,turtles, fish and birds such as stormwater that is carried through canals and hawks, eagles, ducks and herons. ditches into the lakes, and from groundwater. In landlocked lakes,water is predominantly The natural beauty and recreational opportunities lost from evaporation and seepage into the of the region's lakes contribute significantly to surrounding soils, as well as from irrigation of the economy of central Florida. lakeside lawns. Characteristics of the lakes Rainfall, either directly or indirectly through Central Florida's lakes vary greatly in their size stormwater runoff and shallow groundwater, is and nature. The surface areas of the region's the single greatest factor affecting water levels lakes range from thousands of acres to less in central Florida's lakes. than one acre. Many central Florida lakes were While central Florida averages between 45 and 50 inches of rain annually, much of the water is lost to evaporation each year. In drier than normal years when the amount of evaporation exceeds the amount of rainfall, lake levels decline. In wetter than normal years, lake levels increase, leading some lakes to expand in size AO as water seeps into adjacent marshes. — Fluctuating lake levels Water levels in central Florida's lakes vary over time from short-term, storm related rises to _ \ '", long-term fluctuations caused by rainfall trends. `‘ Lake levels can change seasonally and annually. During periods of below-normal rainfall, lake levels drop, at times becoming so low that boating access becomes limited. Lake levels may continue to decline for several years, As with lakes throughout north and east-central Florida, water levels at this lake dropped due to a lack of rainfall in 2000, leaving boat ramps unusable. Continued on back =ISt. Johns River Water Management District • P.O. Box 1429 • Palatka, FL 32178-1429 Phone: (386) 329-4500 (Palatka headquarters) • On the Internet: http://sjr.state.fl.us 2/2001 Effects of fluctuating lake levels While the low water levels and exposed lake bottoms that occur during drought conditions are unattractive to many and can interfere with commercial and recreational activities, fluctuating water levels are normal and healthy for Florida's lakes. The fluctuations that bring extremely low water levels benefit the entire ecosystem. Benefits include: A canoe and dock sit on dry land in central Florida in the summer of • Growth of new vegetation on exposed lake bottom and 2000 in a location that had been lakeshore. in adjacent marshes due to increased seed germination • Improved habitat for fish and other aquatic organisms, impairing the use of docks and affecting lakeside and improved water quality as a result of increased businesses. Lake levels generally rebound,at times leading vegetation growth to water levels so high that lakeside property owners may • Improved water quality due to organic nutrient-rich lake experience too much water. sediments compacting and decomposing While the St. Johns River Water Management District has The fluctuations that bring extremely high water levels some control over lake levels in the Harris Chain of Lakes have the most dramatic impact on lakeside residents in Lake County through the operation of three dams, and businesses, but those high levels also provide water level fluctuations are predominantly driven by rainfall. environmental benefits, including: • Rehydration of adjacent wetland vegetation and soils During extreme drought conditions, such as what the • Improved wildlife habitat through plant growth and region experienced in 2000,the District allows only a minimal soil hydration amount of water to flow through the structures. Only • Increased fish population through provision of a enough water is moved to keep the creeks and rivers from protected habitat for fish spawning/feeding becoming stagnant. During high-water conditions,water • Improved water quality through the settling of movement through the dams is controlled to the degree pollutants in wetlands that it can to avoid wide-scale flooding. In lakes without water control structures, such as is the case with most of central Florida's lakes, little can be done to artificially raise or lower water levels. Underground water supplies,which are fed by rainfall, also can affect lake levels.As water levels belowground decline,the pressure1111 " beneath the land surface drops, - -11 .. / +) causing an increase in water seeping i r from lakes into the ground. f ' / • +1 During natural fluctuations in water bodies, ' " low water levels allow vegetation to grow and organic matter to compact and to decompose on dried lake bottoms, improving water quality. . , St. Johns River Water Management District • P.O. Box 1429 • Palatka, FL 32178-1429 Phone: (386) 329-4500 (Palatka headquarters) • On the Internet: http://sjr.state.fl.us 2/2001 1111/4 .1 ,4 ;0‘ \ i , "4". . 4.,4 '4"4 .4 / .,F WATERWISEce- • I_ a i1c stapes r .�. .� Landscaping to Promote Water Conservation Using the Principles of Xei escape F9cmcLr s water n•anag< Iflc t dcv Suwannee River Water Management District rp) re St. Johns River Northwest Florida ,` Water Management Water Management District District Southwest Florida ** Water Management Dst'd .r South Florida f''" Water Management District Credits This publication is provided to you by Florida s hoc 'eyelid!write' management districts. Principal staff involved In prepari a ng this guide include Bre Adams Daniel Bayai Linda BLmette,Amy Ferdter,Martha Friedrich,Lisa Grant Beth Hickenlooper,Lau Kavoutas, Mathew O'Malley. Sandra McGee. Marc Minno,Brian Nelson. Katherine Pordeli, Eileen Tr,monlana,Daniel I hayer,John Thompson and Gar ett Wallace. the dutnds offer special thanks to the Association of Florida Native Nut series,Janice BP oda. David Ch'appmi,Betsy Davis. Debbie Butts.the Florida Native Plant Society.Joel Jackson, KA. I angeland, Charles Lipp, Maria Minno.Richard Moyroud the Sarasota Audubon Society and the University of Florida IFAS Deparouent of Rivironinenlal Ho tiuillwe. W ATERWISE Florida Landscapes Landscaping to Promote Water Conservation Using the Principles of XeriscapeTM from Florida's water management districts ,r Contents ' t + . "F• Introduction 2 .,, ?-, .' t.i.-:,/ a t What Is Xeriscape Landscaping? 2 ?9"',4, i. -F. The Seven Principles of Xeriscape 4 t _ , ---'�'" I Plan and Design 4 Obtain a Soil Analysis 6 i ..i , Choose Proper Plants 7 y „} 1E F 'a. �.• i �' � ' Florida's Plant Communities 8 i < ' Use Turf Wisely 13 � •" r �. * .b4. Irrigate Efficiently 13 ' "• Outdoor Water Conservation Tips 15 Use Mulches 15 � `t % `'�, r , . .i « '� ,t R Perform Proper Maintenance 16 A Landscape Example 19 - - °` Plant Lists and Photography 20 Glossary 64 Bibliography inside back cover Introduction Through this guide,we hope you'll find that when you work with nature,nature will work for Florida is surrounded on three sides by water.The you.And you'll be doing your part to ensure that state's greatest sources of surface water are wetlands, our natural resources can be enjoyed today and by thousands of lakes,and many rivers and streams. future generations. With all this water around,many people may not realize there is a need to conserve water.Even What Is Xeriscape Landscaping? though Florida is surrounded by water and has many interior water bodies,not all of that water is available Xeriscape is a common sense way to landscape for drinking or other uses by humans.In addition, that conserves water and protects the environment. Florida's weather is fickle—long periods of wet Xeriscape landscaping is based on seven basic principles that can be successfully applied anywhere. weather may be followed by long periods of dry weather.The state's leaders recognize the need to The main objective of Xeriscape is to establish conserve water as a means to ensure the continued and maintain a healthy landscape by matching the availability of this vital resource for everyone from right plants with existing site conditions so that the year to year. use of additional resources,such as water,fertilizer, pesticides and labor,is minimized.In addition to Preserving and protecting Florida's water resources is a main focus of the state's five water helping conserve water resources,Xeriscape management districts.This guide is brought to you landscaping practices reduce the amount of by the water management districts in an effort to pollutants reaching water bodies because fewer yard chemicals are used.Fertilizers and pesticides can help you work with nature in the state's unique environment to establish a landscape that conserves contaminate water bodies when they are washed out water resources and protects water quality.Through of the yard with the rain,in stormwater runoff. use of the Xeriscape landscaping principles,everyone can help conserve resources.Florida's water Recharge to the management districts have permission to use the Floridan Aquifer 1995 concepts of Xeriscape,which is a registered trademark of Denver Water, 1600 West 12th Ave., Denver,Colo.80254,(303)628-6325. Achieving a natural,healthy balance in your landscape starts by putting the right plant in the right place.Matching plants to conditions that exist ' in your area helps them thrive,once established,with little or no irrigation or chemicals.The seven principles of Xeriscape are explained in this guide. r► Scientific or other special terms appear in bold. These terms are listed in the glossary at the end of s this guide and are defined in the context in which they are used in this guide.A plant list is included to Inches per Year help you choose the best plants for your landscape. I I Discharge Resources and references for more information are —1 4-8 listed at the back of the guide. - 8_12 - 12 or more 2 The term Xeriscape and the concept of Xeriscape sources,primarily the Floridan aquifer.The aquifer's were first developed in the southwestern United resources are limited.Each day we pump billions of States during droughts in the early 1980s.Residents gallons from the Floridan aquifer,but the rate at of the West learned that one way to save water was to which the groundwater system refills,or recharges, develop landscapes with plants that occur naturally from rain is far less.On average,Florida receives 54 in the existing conditions,rather than perpetually inches of rainfall yearly. trying to change the conditions.In Florida,Xeriscape Taking too much water out of the aquifers,known landscaping can be as lush as Florida itself— as overpumping,threatens potable water supplies, Xeriscape is rocks and cactus only where they but it also increases the occurrence of sinkhole naturally occur. formations.Because the aquifer system is connected The best time to establish a drought-tolerant to surface water bodies in some areas,overpumping Xeriscape landscape for your home or commercial the aquifers causes lowered water levels—or property is long before a drought.Once established, drawdowns—of our vital wetlands and lakes. the right plant in the right place will be highly self- Likewise,fresh groundwater sources can be sufficient,needing little help to survive nature's threatened by saltwater intrusion.Saltwater extremes.Healthy,well-placed plants with deep, intrusion occurs when too much freshwater is established root systems will need less help to pumped from an aquifer,allowing salt water to move survive a drought. into voids in the aquifer from the ocean or the Gulf Conserving our water supply and reducing water of Mexico;ancient brackish seawater below the pollution have become important issues in our freshwater level of the aquifer can also move into growing communities.Despite Florida's humid these voids. climate and abundant surface water bodies,water Florida's water management districts have shortages do occur here.Demand can overtake declared water resource caution areas throughout supply,and regional droughts force Floridians to the state in areas where overpumping or saltwater practice water conservation as a way of life. intrusion has occurred.A water resource caution area In many Florida households,as much as half of is an area where the current source of public water household water is used outdoors,mostly for lawn supply is not adequate or may not be adequate to and garden irrigation.Ninety percent of all public meet public water supply isigallb water supply in Florida comes from underground demands in 20 years. he�.��� y�''w" 4 1 °rt _``"�.: ✓"."..+Pump 'O' �+rofe pump sa s� Wel surface �i de t • SUrficiai Q '<�be Sys quite✓ w,:e•' 3113 cloyoonfinin9lgYer Yell inter ®$fOh� 4gUifgreYsg ern e 51001 ,t F ( y I Floridan � .,4 e liif Aquifer System a4n dd The Seven Principles of Xeriscape 4.USE TURF WISELY—Grass is often a yard's largest water user,but it can still play a role in a r-4 , The seven simple principles of water-conserving landscape.Use turf where it is most Xeriscape landscaping have been functional in the landscape plan,such as where moo. used by landscape professionals for children or pets will play,or for erosion control.In years.Here is an overview of the other areas,consider more water-thrifty alternatives seven principles;details of each such as groundcovers or mulched walkways. principle are given in the following pages. 5.IRRIGATE EFFICIENTLY—Group plants based on their water needs.Put moisture-loving plants in 1.PLAN AND DESIGN—Make a moist areas and plants that prefer well-drained sites sketch of the landscape site.Base in drier areas.Group together plants that may need i •' ' the plan on site conditions, irrigation so that water is only used in limited areas. • "r' existing vegetation and topography Only irrigate when plants need water or when rain -the natural features of the land. has been inadequate,and use the right irrigation Assess the area's growing system and proper sprinkler head for each area. conditions and think through • intended uses of the landscape. 6.USE MULCHES—Mulches help hold moisture r „� i Landscapes are dynamic,so include in the soil,moderate temperature,slowly release elements of growth,time and nutrients,reduce weed growth and slow erosion. change in your plan. Spread mulch around shrubs and trees and on flower beds,2 to 4 inches thick,keeping mulch from coming 2.OBTAIN A SOIL ANALYSIS— into direct contact with plant stems. Determine the soil's composition, ter.< ; '` ' from sandy to clay,and test for the 7.PERFORM PROPER MAINTENANCE—Keep pH of the soil—its level of acidity plants healthy.Too much water and fertilizer or alkalinity.This information will promote weak growth,as well as increase pruning help you decide which plants are and mowing requirements.Remove weeds by hand best suited to the conditions of before they get established and crowd out the plants your yard. you want.Watch for pests and make sure they're truly a problem before waging war,then do it 3.CHOOSE PROPER PLANTS— organically whenever possible. When choosing new plants,match each spot in your landscape with plants that thrive in the specific conditions of that spot.Look for plants known to be 1. Plan and Design resistant to disease and pests.Consider each plant's mature height and width,its need for sun,shade,soil The first step of design is to identify growing and water,and its tolerance to cold or salt.Preserve as conditions and any vegetation or structures already many existing trees and shrubs as possible,if they're in place.Next,decide how the property will be used. healthy and if the root systems are not significantly Be sure to check city and county landscaping codes for restrictions in your community.Also,some impacted by construction.Native vegetation appropriately placed will remain healthy with minimal neighborhood associations have landscape supplemental irrigation and care once established. specifications in the deed restrictions. 4 Inventory the site,identifying Answer these questions: •Growing conditions •How will you use your yard? —Hardiness zone(for cold and heat) •What are the best places for entries,walkways, —Direction/aspect(north,south,east,west) sitting areas and play areas? —Areas that are sunny or shady throughout the •Where do you want to frame existing views or day and the seasons to establish privacy? —Areas that drain well or that collect water •Where do you want to create views or accent areas? •Existing vegetation (Is it healthy?Is it native?Is it appropriate for site conditions?) Start with the plat(map,or plan) of your •Hardscape(walkway,driveway,pool,fence) property,or draw your site to scale(e.g., 1 half inch •Views and adjacent features(Frame a pleasing view, = 1 foot).Put existing plants and site conditions on or screen an undesirable view.Watch out for the master drawing.Make multiple copies so you can underground utilities and overhead power lines.) sketch in different ideas,or lay tracing paper over your master drawing to try out different ideas. KNOW HOW IT GROWS • On your drawing,arrange plants to create and Understanding a site's growing conditions is the define spaces,direct or screen views,and influence most important factor in choosing plants.Regional direction of movement.Plants can modify climate— growing zones in Florida range from 8a to 11. a shade tree cools and protects,creating microclimates Within a regional growing zone,climatic that determine the kinds of plants that can live in that variations can be influenced by specific site shade.Take out the tree and you change the micro- conditions such as shade or direct sun.These specific climate—different plants can now live in that space. site conditions are referred to as microclimates. Your plant choices can also attract and support There may be dry areas and moist or wet areas on the wildlife and beneficial insects.Plants can be same property.All of these conditions must be specifically selected as nectar and larval food plants assessed to match them with the plants that will do for butterflies and caterpillars or as food and well in each. nesting habitat for birds,or to add vibrant beauty Sunny and shady areas will vary,depending on to the landscape. the time of day and the season.For example,a plant may get more sun in winter than in summer due to the changed angle of the sun or because a deciduous /101 tree has lost its leaves and no longer provides shade The south side of a building has more sun than the — north side,so heat-sensitive plants can be placed on the north side of a building where it's cooler.More ' "' cold-sensitive plants can be placed on the south side c of a building for protection from winter's north wind. 9b HOW WILL YOU USE IT? Florida's • The next step in the planning process is to determine Hardiness what functions you want the landscape to serve. Zones 'toa 'lob.• 11 5 Take your time and learn as much as possible one factor to analyze before selecting plants.Most about the area to be landscaped.A year of plants grow best in soil that has a pH that is observation is recommended to study,reflect on and somewhat acidic(pH 5.5-6.5).Some plants,such as tune in to seasonal changes and other variables that beach sunflower,will tolerate alkaline soils(high pH, exist in the area. above 7),while other plants simply can't.Coastal areas frequently have alkaline conditions—the presence of THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER salt and shell fragments can be an indication of When combining plants,the most important alkalinity considerations are mature size and how the plants Some plants can tolerate acidic soils(lower than look and exist together.Experiment with how pH 5.5),and there are some plants that require acidic different combinations look together,considering soil to thrive,for example,camellia,blueberry, color,shape,texture and mature size. gardenia and azalea. Plants combined in groups of odd numbers often look better than plants combined in groups of even pH Scale numbers.Use repetitive elements—the same color Theoretical pH in different shapes,for example.Other aesthetic uses Milk of magnesia of rain Most acidic rainfall for plants are to complement,soften,frame or Average seawater recorded in U.S. emphasize elements within the landscape or Lye Alkaline e I Neutral Acidic soil Vinegar architectural features of a building. (above 7 I (5.5-6.5) 1 1 1 1 1 f 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Plan for different seasons of the year to ensure 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 year-round interest through blooms,color,foliage I I I ( I I I I I I I I I and shapes in the landscape.And,because landscapes Milk Tomato juice Battery acid are forever changing,plan accordingly.While waiting Ammonia Human Apples for that young live oak to grow into a dominant blood Lemon juice landscape element,plant sunny areas with annuals or Baking soda perennials that will eventually be shaded out by the If your landscape is in a low-lying area such as growing oak. pine flatwoods,different kinds of soils may have been brought in as fill material to raise the building's 2. Obtain a Soil Analysis foundation.Thus,soil samples will need to be taken from several areas around the yard. Florida soils have varying textures,colors,water- such as peat or compost,added several Soil can be improved in planting beds with holding capabilities and nutrient levels for plants.It is important to examine and analyze your soil at the weeks before planting and then again periodically. beginning of a landscaping project.Most Florida But because amendments break down,it is difficult soils typically do a good job of supporting plant life to significantly change soil over the long term. —just look around at the variety of plants growing Adding organic matter does improve nutrient levels and basic soil conditions,but will not drastically naturally in Florida.When choosing plants,be aware that some may require a lot of feeding and then may change extreme conditions permanently.For more still have deficiency problems.It's best to choose information about mulches and the rates at which they break down,contact your local Cooperative plants suited to existing soil conditions. A soil's pH level—acid,neutral or alkaline—is Extension Service office. 6 WHAT'S IN THE SOIL? The County Cooperative Extension Service can t test pH in soil or irrigation water for a small fee.The • address and the telephone number of your local extension office are listed in the telephone book under county offices. A wealth of information about soils for each county in Florida can be found in your county's soil survey,published by the U.S.Department of Agriculture's Soil Conservation Service(listed in the telephone book under federal government offices). ( Soil surveys are frequently in the reference section of Salt marsh local libraries. In a county soil survey,exact properties can be pinpointed on aerial photographs.Specific soil types to the surface)could influence growing conditions. are described as being good for certain kinds of The highest water table level of the year is generally plants,for residential development,for septic tanks, in August. etc.A survey also includes information such as depth To determine a high water table,dig a hole and of the water table throughout the year;water table see if water seeps into it. depth can be key in determining growing conditions Once you have the results of your soil analysis,the for trees and other plants. fun really begins—looking for plants! Remember to take into account any fill material that may have been brought in.Try to learn from the builder if local soils were used.It is common to dig 3. Choose Proper Plants retention pond areas and use that dirt for the foundation fill.But remember that even then,soils Try to keep as much of the existing vegetation as that are altered through disturbances can't necessarily possible.If a plant grew in an area without your help, be equated to undisturbed soils from the same area. then conditions there are obviously right for it. Also be aware that substances may have been spilled Choose plants that can survive on normal rainfall in or buried during construction.If there's an your area or that require minimal irrigation.Existing ► native-plant communities are an example of the apparently unplantable area in the landscape,dig for debris or excavate the problem area and replace "right plant in the right place:'There are also with topsoil. nonnative plants cultivated specifically for Florida Knowing the following about your soil conditions is conditions that are water efficient and resistant to disease and pests here.However,there are also some fundamental to matching the right plants to your site: ► plants that do too well because they don't have any •pH natural balances in the Florida environment,and •Sand,clay or rich soil they become highly invasive. •Drainage And remember,the success of your Xeriscape ( landscape depends as much on where you locate To determine drainability,fill a hole with water and note how quickly it drains.Knowing the water table plants as on what plants you use.Plant it smart! level can also be important;a high water table(close 1 Learn each plant's saltwater intrusion,where salt water moves •Mature size(height and width) underground into freshwater aquifers due to •Sun and shade requirements overpumping of the aquifer.If the salinity level in •Soil needs irrigation water is too high,the water can kill plants. •Water needs Also,be aware that some household water treatment •Salt and cold tolerances systems add salt to the water to remove iron or other minerals.Don't use this water for plants. Match these factors with your soil and climatic Use this guide and consult a plant specialist to conditions. determine if a plant is salt-tolerant.If you suspect DO YOU NEED SALT-TOLERANT PLANTS? salt problems,have your water tested for salt content. Many areas in Florida have salt prevalent in the Contact your County Cooperative Extension Service air and the water;this is particularly true near the for more information about testing water for salt. coast and salt marshes.Salt can even find its way into The general vegetation map of Florida in this wells.Exposure to salt may severely damage or kill guide indicates the original native-plant some plants,so if necessary,choose plants that can communities throughout the state.Different plant tolerate such exposure.Salt is alkaline,so a plant's communities often converge gradually in what is tolerance for salt indicates its tolerance to alkalinity. called ecotones—regions where one ecosystem Where does this salt originate?Homes near the blends into another.Sometimes pockets of one beach experience salt spray,with stiff winds blowing community are surrounded by another. fine particles of salt and sand onto plants.Different Observing the differences in ecotones can help plants can take varying degrees of this salt exposure. determine differences in the landscape,helping to identifythe best plants for the microclimates Some can't tolerate it at all.Consult the Cooperative Extension Service for a list of salt-tolerant plants. throughout the landscape. Irrigation water may also be salty,or saline.In FLORIDA'S PLANT COMMUNITIES some areas,the water taken from the ground is naturally high in salt.Other areas suffer from Coastal Uplands BEACH DUNE SYSTEMS—Alkaline to neutral soils of coarse sand and shell;well drained,with some salt; low fertility;dry,hot,sunny and windy conditions. t Common species include Spanish bayonet,saw palmetto,seaside purslane,saltmeadow cordgrass, beach morning glory,blanket flower and beach 001110106 dune sunflower. MARITIME FORESTS—Soil pH moderately alkaline to neutral;sandy with some shell and periodic shell mounds.Retains some moisture though well drained,with humus fertility.Plants indigenous to this community will tolerate some salt,wind,shade and drought.Some common plants include southern red cedar and magnolia,redbay,sand live oak, cabbage palm,American holly,Hercules'-club, Coastal upland saltbush and coontie. 8 4• ... 01 1, . ' :4414 . ir, ,....... :4: teliiiir ., - .v. sf Y r, „t •? } .r conditions),saw palmetto,gallberry,fetterbush and �: > • . a : •; ftl. , tarflower.The forest floor has herbaceous species i��; t. r '' ; I� such as wiregrass,muhly grass,blazing star,violets 1 ' 1 < i 'i�• 1 -' " and lilies—species adapted to both wet and dry ` ; • , t. : i 7• ', conditions.Occasionally there are dahoon holly, iI ,> persimmon,maple trees,loblolly bay and sweetbay. l', , ,�- • r '* Sandhills # C i ""'� �* � :� „ High pinelands of open longleaf pine with a" , ', • ' , /;6-', wiregrass and shrubs and turkey oaks,over rolling yam{, ".•, "_", �� .,.. � — i.,�.o; uplands and sand ridges,with deep,acidic sandy soil ^+ v. L4L cowl � 5�,�.s•. �. • •; • -'�.. -'"i`'• that is verywell drained.Sandhills grade into pine ` >, "` • y `' �. �% y` r flatwoods and are often adjacent to,or interspersed • +• c7z s ..,,..,-!- �, ' ,` , 4„• .,. , ..• with,islands of scrub throughout Florida. r+ .t M1,s t r ky.‘ � ,i' If,'�'1t,.! ,1 1 r'. .i,-.� y�' . " - • y � �ki' °, �'',' � ? � Hardwood Forests A. fi { f x.: •A' 5�" �;.4,,, f_/ 1_'""'-:6 44III`. 'it• Hardwood hammocks occur in patches in ,' `;'� ! `�' '� y`r i y ' + f1 temperate areas of Florida.The soils are acidic and ' {y�'3 l t. ` • °` ' ,,to t r ti: �•-: sandy;the range is through the three moisture zones �!k sL+� f xeric,hydric and mesic. lg , " ' �, --" UPLAND MIXED FORESTS—Occur throughout , , •-4 ;:Jr, ►.: Florida's northern panhandle region on upland . ,�, ,.•• a clay soils over limestone bedrock.The canopy : .. and understory are highly diverse,dominated �' -NI. by hardwoods,mostly oaks,with some pine -' ,t species which are more prominent in earlier Pine flatwoods successional phases. UPLAND MESIC HARDWOOD FORESTS—Oak-hickory Pine Flatwoods to pine-oak-hickory;range is through central to The most common plant community in Florida. west-central Florida on rich upland soils and Acidic,sandy soil with a hardpan layer 1-3 feet below clay hills. the surface.Moisture levels vary from dry to nearly Forests of Abundant Cabbage Palms saturated during the wet season.Fires caused Sand over marl;flat hammocks of cabbage palms naturally by lightning occur every 5-10 years, and live oaks;rarely flooded. leaving ash to fertilize new growth.In earlier decades,the pine flatwoods floor was cleared by fire. Rocklands Now,without regular fires,a shrub strata The uplands of southern peninsular Florida and dominates.In managed conservation areas, the Keys;highly impacted by human development. controlled burns are conducted to reduce the PINE ROCKLANDS—Porous limestone with sandy amount of fuel plants on the forest floor and to humus and marl;good drainage.Plant species encourage growth of herbaceous species. include South Florida slash pine,cabbage palm and The most dominant species include longleaf pine, saw palmetto,with ferns,sedges and more than a slash pine or pond pine(depending on hydric hundred herbaceous species. 9 10144 .‘,4 ,...t.4;i ' ._ - ro.,.),,,y,:4n t 44., s ! y. .1- }' '' 'll ,_ .+-Mond ,... ., in `.# -7 0, t' 44 •►atilt::> ` T0i ,"� .4,( .i'• 1 .,.. �� t -..1' ‘ ...*,;,1/4„ , e„Apw,, .. .. ' ' ' ' 4,- ,44..,„ „.„ z,,, ,,:\ „ , ..,, , .,„ \ , ,,,,_ „. .„*3.1,is ., , . s . t. , . . ,,,z4„„__ _ , „: ,. , , .\ \, , _„ .p. „;,..., • , , . \ . — N, 1 te\ \ i - i'=- i\ 2••• 1 1 I / l'' ' \ 1 .-. A ,I ,! ' PR �' � A \ y 5 ��! 7, i. mil_"`�eir• / ......,..............,......., ... ,_ , \i,,,,, ,, is'',.: ' \ \ '30 V i . , Ai \3 ‘,3k411-61.11,.II , ,_ \lit , i6. - ..;;-\.\ 11 '''': . '• '.IV 4- ' , 'JO, , 4 1,1, p•MT•-;• . 'l'A‘4' 4,:.fiAric.".-A,, "K. ,, i t \ -,-, .".-.7.r 3,,s .....,,,, . . , x - J..e9+,-z i! r.,, �-� \�-. v it `�� • L% r ,,_ . i1 .ram „� .4•r --T_ ' •-a.. '�C<r.,ty .^. w� 'M•M `rl' .• •.. `�' ' . .e Oaks and palmettos TROPICAL HARDWOOD HAMMOCKS—Alkaline Scrub limestone with moist humus.The diverse canopy Consists of Florida's rarest plants and animals. carries many epiphytes,such as bromeliads,orchids The land area of this endangered habitat was reduced and ferns.The canopy includes live oak,gumbo by more than 90 percent during the 20th century, limbo,black ironwood and mahogany.The understory leaving fragments,often in degraded condition. ranges from temperate to tropical species and Distinct plant and animal species have developed includes white,red and Spanish stoppers,spicewood, specifically to these unique conditions. beautyberry and wild coffee. Infertile,sandy,excessively drained soils are high aquifer recharge areas,making scrub particularly Prairies important ecosystems.These forests consist of scrub DRY PRAIRIES—Similar to pine flatwoods without sand pine,small scrub oaks,rosemary shrubs and the pine overstory;dry prairies occur in central and scrub palmetto. southern Florida.Sandy,acidic soil is present,often SCRUB CYPRESS—Occurs in south Florida with thin with hardpan and a high water table,becoming marl soils over limestone;scrub pond cypress with sedges inundated only after heavy rain.Dominant species and grasses.Adjacent to the Everglades;often flooded. are wiregrass and broomsedges. WET PRAIRIES—Often intermingles in ecotones Cypress Swamp Forests with pine flatwoods,with few sparse pines,if any, Inundated by water most of the year.Can border allowing the sun through to stimulate a flourishing rivers and lakes or be isolated;dominated by bald of herbaceous flora.Wet prairies are inundated by cypress in flowing systems and pond cypress in water 50-150 days of the year. stagnant systems. 10 Wetland Forests Remember,many so-called shrub species are SWAMP FORESTS—Flooded most of the year along actually 20-foot multi-trunked trees.Select plant rivers and basins;characterized by pond cypress,bald species that will mature to a height and width that cypress,red maple,water hickory,ashes and tupelo. will fit the planting location.If you want a shrub that HYDRIC HAMMOCKS—Moist sites flooded only grows 2-4 feet tall,find a dwarf variety or use occasionally,with evergreen and deciduous ornamental bunch grasses or flowering perennials hardwoods of red maple,loblolly bay,water oak, like pentas and scarlet milkweed. Florida elm and cabbage palm. , ! . : _ am.; • ri, A, y-, - t Coastal Saline Wetlands ..Y Water levels in coastal wetlands are under the F.. v ;, constant influence of tides,thus the degree of salinity . I ' *, _ ~ varies from salt water to brackish. . ' . i COASTAL SALTWATER MARSHES—Occur in north t ;,.,ir �5.i. �' `�• �',sa a• , A. i e,'►*`,v': and west Florida;grasses and rushes. _ , ',,�1s� MANGROVE SWAMPS—Occur in central and south "�` ni '; t7 . : may. ^',� t�',1 k }4.�" r:{_ Florida coastal areas that flood,then drain,creating •a, ;.y y q::. ,4 , 1" Y}x 1 r 26: . r 9' thick nutritious muck. �_ 4- p`Lx S` :,. ' ! ,�_ • 4,� i f ‘ , =, WHAT TO PLANT :fir ' '' s-• , , . ► Plant lists should be generated for the different �, , t, • ,,, areas of the landscape based on growing conditions -. :� * %'- ' and desired characteristics. " . k " '` , Plantings should be placed with consideration for " , >_`: - ' , ; „it,: a U .. '' .,;:'''lifi changes which will take place over time.In natural � � #' plant communities,these changes are called I.':' 4" "cad ;y 't',; ._ "e succession.Succession is the evolution of plants bl. t, =M - ? "•_ ,, starting out,maturing,being replaced by other `' "`�-'fr, plants,and eventually developing to a climax,or a .� balanced,mature ecosystem. •' In most landscapes,succession is halted by )fr deliberate maintenance practices.Yet plants tend to : strive toward succession.By planning for each plants I ,, mature state,a dynamic landscape can be planned to t. include natural changes. -e, ." "'" When plants are first put into a landscape,the . - :. -- ` area should look unfinished,as the landscape must \' be given space and time to grow.Plan to replace •-- `\ .i::�,..; sun-loving plants with shade-tolerant plants as the . — larger elements in the landscape such as trees and = - ' °,K`. r;. shrubs grow and create shade. Mixed hardwood 11 1g •• : ' ''. i-i• tril,,1 ''l / ti V li)` �A i ! I • , _ i.,. 4 4 t yak 1/4'r° " 2,Y` s. .414.A` /1• .,_ ,,_ • 0../( . - • k il 1 Th)l 4 , - 4 - ` •II . 4, S - fit.•.. , , .� Nir. !y 14( !A rI`,rr•ttl , af. i/:1 �:`�{d�(,v' 'r I. 'y ,, ,-44.;P Ki r-/ +nr ..- .--440011 • r ry�y L( �� 'f l+ -y •c�. i \,� � '`�'1'fr �'���/,�'7}it, '� r r \`\�\ 1! 1 //�/•' I 1 •.J'� �: � �1 _ y�grP'-... tt\� ! (Z\ `h 4 is ! % :• 1• .li y 40 t it / _, 1.,1i,,+`! �. 1 \ ,,. . :A, a ,• \ Ili i ,' `' •' ;'� �� �� ,��� �� f� • 'CU' X , ' A a \ ..���.�. �.. '�HS'.'+s'ts'!1LdY! .fa/iv,. G:Ci1.rrl/lt' ..%y, C;,',1�',+c2'k.4aC.�1r'[ • - - ..-; , Cabbage palm,seaglapes and coontie fill this landscape. PLANTING FOR EFFICIENT WATER USE Group plants in appropriate conditions according OASIS ZONE—In this area,place plants that may to their water needs.If plant placement is done require some watering. correctly,once plants are established,little to no Plants native to Florida can play a very supplemental irrigation will be necessary. dependable role in the landscape.Many of Florida's When plantings do need supplemental watering, plants have evolved through periods of extreme wet choose the right irrigation heads.Turf areas and and then dry weather,so they survive through planting beds should always be in separate irrigation drought and don't get root rot standing in water. zones.This separation allows for different irrigation They have also developed defenses to the diseases, schedules and different irrigation heads,such as fungi and insects which originate in Florida.Many pop-ups for turf or drip heads for individual have proven wind tolerances in areas that experience specimen plants such as shrubs or perennials. tropical storms and hurricanes. Strive to establish a yard that is largely sustained NATURAL ZONE—In this area,place plants that have adapted to the wet and dry extremes of Florida's by existing conditions,then if specialty plantings climate so that regular watering(once plants are such as vegetables or roses are desired,a more labor- established)won't be necessary,except during and resource-intensive planting bed can be created in prolonged drought. one or two areas. Remember,the overriding guidance should be to DROUGHT-TOLERANT ZONE—In this area,place plants put the right plant in the right place. that can survive extended periods of time without rain or supplemental irrigation. 12 4. Use Turf Wisely 5. Irrigate Efficiently Grass can be a practical part of your landscape in In many yards,the major oasis area is the grass.In the right place,for example,in a play area for some Florida locations,grass will need extra help from children.Follow these simple tips for a healthy lawn irrigation;in other areas,rainfall may be adequate. and to reduce maintenance: If an irrigation system is needed,choose each device based on what will most efficiently water each •Go LIGHT ON THE FERTILIZER.Fertilization stimulates group of plants.Pop-up sprinklers work well for the growth and increases water needs.If you do fertilize, lawn,but planting beds or specimen plantings are use a slow-release nitrogen product.Water-insoluble more effectively irrigated using a drip,bubbler or products won't be washed away like liquid or fast- micro-irrigation spray head.An example of micro- release fertilizers,which can contaminate waterways irrigation is a low-volume irrigation emitter,a device through stormwater or irrigation runoff.The slow- that applies water directly to the root zone of plants. release products stay in the soil to supply nutrients to Florida law requires that all automatic irrigation plants on a gradual basis,over a longer period of time. systems installed after May 1991 have a rain sensor •LEAVE SHORT GRASS CLIPPINGS WHERE THEY FALL WHEN shut-off switch that overrides the irrigation cycle when YOU MOW.This reduces the lawn's need for both water adequate rainfall has occurred(Chapter 373.62, and fertilizer.However,remove thick patches of Florida Statutes). clippings,which will decay and kill the grass. •USE A RAIN GAUGE.Keep track of how much rain has •RISE TO NEW HEIGHTS.That is,raise the height of fallen in your yard.Do not adhere to a rigid irrigation your lawnmower blades to the highest setting.When schedule.When it rains,you probably don't need to you mow the grass,remove no more than one-third water.During periods of extended rainy weather, of the leaf blade.Cutting grass shorter than this may irrigation systems should be turned off. stress the grass and may also decrease the depth to which roots will grow,increasing the need for water. •IRRIGATE ONLY WHEN PLANTS OR GRASS NEED IT.Water Most St.Augustine grass and bahia grass varieties plants that begin to show signs of stress.Signs of stress should not be mowed below 3 inches in height. for grass include leaves wilting or grass blades folding in half,or soil from the root zone feeling dry.Your •KEEP A SHARP CUTTING EDGE.When your lawnmower blades are sharp,they give a clean cut.Grass torn and shredded by dull blades suffers stress and requires Example of shallow roots and deeper, more water. healthier roots •CONSIDER ALTERNATIVES TO GRASS.Grass can be a useful plant.Use grass in areas where children or pets play,or for erosion control.In low-use areas, consider drought-tolerant-plant beds,groundcovers, mulch,walkways or other alternatives that require • . '. little or no water. • • I'� � ` A 77-f 13 .'° i' '0 AM / 0AM* a - . . ..- / - 11 dolihr, •1 .. .. - J . a Shasta daisies lawn needs watering if grass blades start turning a •HELP GRASS AND PLANTS DEVELOP DEEP ROOT SYSTEMS. bluish-gray color or if footprints linger after being It is better to water your lawn and plants well once a made.Overwatering is often the cause of many week than it is to water lightly each day,but apply common problems,such as dollar weed and water only as quickly as the soil can absorb it. fungal growth. Thorough watering encourages roots to establish themselves deeper in the soil,which makes them •WATER IF IT HASN'T RAINED.St.Augustine grass only more drought-tolerant.Frequent light watering needs rain or watering once or twice a week in causes roots to stay too close to the surface,where summer and once every 8-14 days from December they are dependent on regularly recurring through February.Bahia grass needs water less often. precipitation or irrigation and are more likely to •GIVE YOUR LAWN AN AVERAGE OF HALF AN INCH OF suffer in dry times.The exception to deep watering is for newly installed plants,where the roots are still WATER.To determine how long it takes your system to put out half an inch of water,place cans or other closer to the surface.These plants need light,more- containers around the yard and measure the water frequent waterings until they adjust to the new collected in half an hour.Measure the amount in location,generally about 30 to 60 days.Other plants, each can,add together,then divide for the average. shrubs and trees may need longer to become Turf should not receive more than 1 inch of water established. I per week. 14 •WATER EARLY IN THE DAY.To minimize loss of water •Use filters in micro-irrigation systems.Filters can help through evaporation,water early in the morning, reduce clogging.Filters should be cleaned regularly. before sunrise.When the sun rises,it will dry plants, reducing the potential for fungal growth or diseases. •Use an automatic shut-off nozzle at the end of a Leaving plants wet overnight creates conditions for hand-held hose.Sweep sidewalks or driveways fungal growth.Watering in the heat of the day is instead of hosing them down. prohibited in some areas of Florida under rules 6. Use Mulches established by the water management districts.In addition,watering in the middle of the day results in If you already use mulches in your yard,you're water loss through evaporation. ahead of the game.Placing a layer of mulch directly around shrubs and trees and on flower beds helps to OUTDOOR WATER CONSERVATION TIPS conserve water.In fact,mulch: •Observe water restrictions in your area.Under •Helps retain moisture in the soil Florida law,the water management districts have •Decomposes slowly,adding nutrients established water conservation rules.Where there is a to the soil • year-round watering rule,it applies to everyone who uses water outdoors—homes,businesses,nurseries, •Provides habitat or cover for beneficial golf courses—regardless of the water source, soil organisms whether private well,public utility or surface water. •Shades soil from the baking sun,reducing There are some exceptions to the water restrictions, the need for water such as when reclaimed or reuse water is being used. •Protects against soil erosion and Any local water restrictions that are more strict than compaction caused by rain the water management districts'must be followed. Violating Florida's water restrictions is punishable •Reduces weed growth with penalties of up to$500,with additional fees •Reduces maintenance chores;keeps lawn as applicable. mowers and weed trimmers from damaging trees and other plants •Conserve water by installing a rain sensor or rain shut-off switch.State law(Chapter 373.62,FS) •Looks good in the landscape requires these devices on automatic sprinkler systems installed after May 1991.These devices automatically Spi pry hcu<1 turn off the irrigation system after adequate rainfall. There are some local ordinances that also require older systems to be retrofitted with shut-off switches. • •Inspect your irrigation system regularly.Check all44144411 hoses,pipes and fittings for leaks,which can waste hundreds or thousands of gallons of water every week.Repair broken or clogged spray heads and emitters and adjust them to keep from watering the pavement.Also,using a rain gauge in the yard is a good way to make sure the rain shut-off switch is working. 15 Mulch can include bark chips,pine needles or NATURAL PEST MANAGEMENT leaves.Using leaves for mulch eliminates having to Only a fraction of a percent of all insects known burn or bag the leaves for landfill disposal.Cypress to humans are considered pests,and these species are mulch,although widely available,is not a good generally herbivores,eating plants we want for environmental choice because cypress are slow- ourselves—either for food or for ornamental value. growing native wetland trees that are often taken as A food chain always has carnivores looking to eat whole,mature trees and chipped into mulch just to herbivores.Predators—including predatory insects help meet market demand.Cypress are far more —that eat our"pests"are called"beneficial" valuable to us in their environment than as mulch in organisms.But it doesn't stop there.Birds,bats, the landscape.Alternative sources of mulch,such as lizards and frogs also eat insects.All part of the food melaleuca,eucalyptus,Australian pine and recycled chain,this diversity of life creates a living balance matter from yard cuttings,are suggested instead. and will do so in the landscape if allowed. Some of these environmentally friendly alternatives If we try to eradicate an organism that is are obtained from nonnative pest trees and are pestering us,we risk poisoning not only the pest,but becoming increasingly available. also the beneficial organisms that would decrease the For best results,spread 2-4 inches of mulch on pest populations.If broad-spectrum pesticides are plant beds.Keep the mulch several inches away from applied to the landscape,many beneficial organisms the plant stems to protect the stems from rotting. could be killed. Gradually increase the thickness of the mulch layer Integrated pest management(IPM)is a proven going out from the plant.Add new mulch as needed, concept for controlling pests.IPM is also a good way stirring the old mulch to promote air and moisture to protect water quality. circulation to avoid matting. The basic premise is to use the least toxic method Don't use compost or mulch that has diseased and to limit any treatments to affected areas,not the material.Get mulches from a reputable dealer,as entire yard.Observation,or scouting,is the basis to mulches can contain contaminants such as understanding what the most effective method will undesirable seeds or insect pests.Mulching holds be.First,determine if there really is a problem. moisture and may attract termites,so should not be Consider tolerating some plant damage as part of piled up right next to a building's foundation. nature's process.For example,caterpillars that Be aware that inorganic mulch such as gravel or become butterflies can eat the leaves off certain colored rocks will not hold moisture.Moreover, plants before forming a cocoon,only to have the white rock reflects heat,which is stressful to plants. plant come back later as healthy as before. If observation proves there is a problem,learn 7. Perform Proper Maintenance about the pest organism's life process so you can An environmentally balanced,low-maintenance disrupt that process.For example,mosquitoes need landscape starts with the previous steps of analysis, stagnant water to lay eggs.During mosquito season, planning and selecting the plants suitable for the site. removal of even the smallest standing pools of water A diverse array of plant species will attract a variety —in pots,or even in bromeliads—will help of insects to the area,helping to create a balanced decrease mosquito population in an area. food chain so that no one species can become When using chemicals,spot-treat the affected area dominant enough to become a major pest problem. only,at a time when the pest is most vulnerable. This way,nature works for you to make landscaping Mole crickets,for example,are mostly affected by and maintenance easy and rewarding. pesticides when they are young.Verify their level of development by flushing them out of the turf with a 16 •,_- 'tN•#7,' 1,,,/ --,4,---;•''-',... ,, , ---,- „if " ,',"4-, t\•„c;--" slii b \44.i, \i`„,,,A _,---_, ' i X"- ; •., \\ , . i ‘.' 1'iY Iti+ ,1 ,,• is;..... '..'„Ic 4)1/4 4tk.„, A.. , 1 p ., 11,....y,c7.::, 0 ,,,s ,-__.,. • --- 4 -11,Cs„ ...-,c.i .. , 11,- ,.'Kt, :. ' •••••.i -..a....-... .......a., • • „...t.:•_.-:--" .....*;. R„...';', , „. ,?' 1:......':-:'.'",, ,.,---;;?-2*N i' \ - ' , 1 4rrf,r'.Z.-; -4k2,---5--,-:„.:.:-' .." .. v• - '41 •-... Virs1,1,/,-/Yif,;'''', '1.‘:*-te'' r''''';'°- ' ''It r4 `-, ',/AA.--.1, ;4',1:4-.., 40Q;(- -.4''','44-1t1 ie,•*:•..,,. ., . „ ,.- a ,,-:..k....'t di ? ' j, , , 1 i 0,„4 \ -•,,,•,%,. . . „e •ti .-..:,,'7,,.• , 'A. ' r-•- t,,‘ ,.. ' ,s•tiA\qil ////`' ''----:fr '14L-1) ' `A / 3' 1 k',' ' ' z.:,-. _ - ,.. 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At,' ir i -. 144,,_,-, ir ,-* ..4,,,k NI Ay,: -;.--.-**.ipk• 7 t,.. -)t,\T ,- .•--,„,;A . y '.... - ..., .4 f,...,,, ,•...,,,:, . ; 4 k 11,. ,,. c. - ',„k . ,Ps. , - ...J WA 7 - 4 - , •..., . , 4 , , 1_4k: ", C'eics' ..,. ,,, - p„ ,.,..- ;••••,•••i, ;'• . ' t 4. . • •wrzA.._24.• . ,- '.1t4, 4i;,,r.,z.i•L . ......-no.c.• . i,..‘4:..-, ... ,..--.,--.- --Ts., I it,, • • `,A -1. e :.:45 - 14„ • ... ,, • _ .1...--,. ......,f''''':-.,i'="zit. '• " - --, -- ....- , , ' •-,.. -,..''''.'::: .`,.:''' ''''"•••••1+--o-41•.:..5., • , -, Seagrapes and palms biodegradable soap solution—the mole crickets will COMPOSTING climb out of the turf to escape the soap. Plant leaves manufacture sugar from sunlight, Rather than routinely applying chemicals to the water and carbon dioxide.Other nutrients and entire lawn,spot-treat pests and problem areas minerals are drawn from the soil where they have while problem areas are small and localized.This built up from decayed leaves and other material that will minimize pesticide use and avoid killing falls in natural settings.Frequently,cultivated areas beneficial organisms, are stripped clean of these wastes,then petroleum- based fertilizers are applied to replace the natural food source. WEEDS Compost is the cheapest and most nutritious Weeds are often the hardy annuals and perennials fertilizer available.Leaves and pine needles piled or that lead succession.Soil left bare will soon be left as mulch to decay under plants and trees slowly growing something.To minimize the growth of return essential elements to the soil,while helping unwanted plants,mulch and/or keep areas planted. retain moisture. Remove any weeds as they emerge,before they Mulch and compost help soil maintain a healthy develop seed heads or extensive root systems that balance of microorganisms and other soil builders, compete for moisture and nutrients. such as earthworms.Petroleum-based fertilizers can be totally replaced with lots of compost and mulch. 17 I FERTILIZING Potassium—compost,aged manure,fireplace wood Once established,your water-conserving yard may ashes(raises soil pH) require only moderate amounts of supplemental fertilizer.Overfertilizing aggravates pest problems, Some plants can make nutrients available in the stimulates excessive growth and requires frequent soil for the benefit of other plants.Clover,for watering.Fertilizers mobilized by irrigation water or example,"fixes"nitrogen (takes in nitrogen from the rain can leach into groundwater and be carried by air),making it available for grass.Thus,leaving clover mixed in with lawn grasses is actually healthier stormwater runoff into waterways. When needed,the best choice for plants and the than trying to eliminate it. environment is slow-release fertilizer.The package label on the fertilizer will say organic,slow-release or PRUNING controlled release,water-insoluble nitrogen,sulfur- If a plant is placed in the right location and given coated,IBDU,or resin-coated.Also look at the label enough room to mature,pruning should be minimal. for inclusion of trace minerals. Prune to retain the natural shape,or structure,of Fertilization should be used when specific trees and shrubs and to promote or maintain strong nutrient deficiency symptoms are evident.Natural structure.Less pruning is usually better because sources of these nutrients are available and pruning is stressful to a tree or shrub,which causes it inexpensive. to require more water.Also,pruning at the wrong time of the year can stress plants. Nitrogen—grass clippings,compost,cottonseed meal Your County Cooperative Extension Service office Phosphorus—compost,rock phosphate(many has brochures with simple graphics showing how to Florida soils are already phosphorus-rich) make proper pruning cuts. •Trees—Prune carefully to promote strong development in the trunk and main branches.Don't ! 41111 prune the first year after transplanting.Never cut off fr the top of a tree to control height. \ i z . •Palms—Only dead and diseased fronds should be H f; • removed.If a palm frond is living and green,it is producing energy for the plant and should not be cut. to ! ... . •Shrubs—Shearing shrubs results in foliage .1;: forming only at the outer,sheared surface,with no internal foliage.By selectively thinning branches following the natural shape of a shrub,you can open the shrub foliage to permit light penetration while 7,1 retaining some control over its size. An example of"hat racking,"a pruning practice that stresses a plant and increases the plant's water needs. 1 8 A Landscape Example give privacy to our patio and deck while providing shade,and they are water-efficient. 1.Our drought-tolerant natural zone next to the driveway has mulch and low-water shrubs instead of 4.Native vegetation,including drought-tolerant grass.This zone continues along the length of the shrubbery,is used in the side yard.We selected house and eliminates watering,mowing and edging plants appropriate for an area seldom seen or used. chores in low-use areas.Notice how the shrubs serve This decision further reduces watering and as a buffer to our northern neighbor and as maintenance chores. camouflage for the storage area. 5.Our practical turf area in the front yard,like that 2.Our turf area in the backyard is located in the in the back,is round in shape to reduce its perimeter, landscape's lowest spot,which is where there is making it easier to irrigate and maintain.Long, plenty of naturally occurring moisture.Alternatives narrow strips of grass are hard to irrigate efficiently. to grass include a garden,a deck or a screened patio. A brick walkway,border grass and a mulched flower These additions don't need water and reduce bed further reduce watering and edging chores and landscape maintenance chores. add colorful accents. 3.More drought-tolerant groundcovers and shrubs hug the back of our practical turf area.These plants I 1---DROUGHT-TOLERANT ZONE -_=�4 I 0 VEGETABLE GARDEN i NI ,4 , LAWN AND `�n= /// •cARDMULHEDWHWODNI I STORAGE \ �� 2 i _ Milo � GARDEN ■i <''II��;�� MULCHED WALKWAYS c9Po / 7 C o o /�� ■� / ors /1 WIDENED DRIVEWAY j 4:``� o I 1101 c�? e`Ri BRICK WALKWAY 7`V C� 011tfro“- ��W* MULCHED O� 2�� ,•• BED OWER AN`- F 6'O •s���g4r ' TURF OASIS �j�'�i OASIS PO<0 %,S. i`�� qss �!� ;'�' �� — • SCREENED PATIO '7. T,, 1` , .. COVER 51``_�• .. `tic, ' , ur totot" ..,,,,, ...,, .. AC ty4tf i4117\.-- 410 NN110;;P: 1.2.•02". .%,,,,,0".1r.of r." �• '1'2.%iorir UNIT I 4 ' EXISTING NATURAL ZONE,DROUGHT-TOLERANT I 3 19 TREES Florida Soil Mature Hardiness Moisture Light Size Growth Common Name Scientific Name Range Range* Range* (feet)" Rate Acacia,sweet Acacia farnesiana 9b-11 0— 11 15x20 11100 African tulip tree Spathodea campanu/ata 10b-11 11 - 0 50 11111 Allspice Pimento dioica 10b-11 11 40 10000 Apple,Anna Ma/us domestics'Anna' 8a-9b 11 18-20 11111 Ash,green Fraxinus pennsylvanica 8a-8b 1111-11 30x75 11111 Ash,pop Fraxinus car 8a-10a 1111-11 20x40 11111 Atemoya Annona x Atemoya' 10a-10b 0—11 /-: 30 111OEI Avocado Persea americana 10a 11 20-60 11111 Banana,Cavendish Musa acuminate'Cavendish' 10b-11 11 5-7 11111 Bangar nut Sterculia foetida 10a 11 75 11111 Basswood Tilia americana 8a-9b 11 35x80 WO Beech,American Fagus grandifolia 8a-8b 11 60x90 ROO Birch,river Betula nigra 8a-9a 11 - 0 25x50 11111 Black olive Bucida buceras 10a-11 0 30x45 11100 Black sapote, Diospyros digyna 10a-11 11 25 11111 chocolate pudding fruit Blackgum Nyssa biflora 8a-9a 6111- 66 80 11109 Blackhaw viburnum Viburnum rufidulum 8a-9a 11 - 0 ,,az 15x20 11111 or Rusty blackhaw Molly Guapira discolor 9b-11 11 30x40 1116 Bradford pear Pyrus calleryana 8a-9a 0—11 20x30 11111 Buckthom,Carolina Rhamnus caro/iniana 8a-9b 11 20x25 1110E Bulnesia Bulnesia arborea 10b 11 - 0 20x30 11111 Buttonwood Conocarpus erectus 10a 11-1111—0 15-25 1110E Carambola Averrhoa carambola 10b 11 ' 25 11111 Cedar,southern red Juniperus virginiana(=l silicico/a) 8a-9b 0—11 25x60 11111 Cherry laurel Prunus caroliniana 8a-9b 11 i 35 11100 Chinquapin Castanea pumila 8a-9a 11 - 0 15x40 1110E Colville's glory Colvillea racemosa 10a+ 11 45 11100 Common persimmon Diospyros virginiana 8a-10 0—11 rf -, 15x50 11100 Copperpod Peltophorum pterocarpum 10a-11 0— 11 25x50 11111 Crabwood Gymnanthes lucido 10a+ 0 - 11 20 10000 Crape myrtle Lagerstroemia indica 8a-11 11 - 6 15x25 11100 Cuban tamarind Lysiloma sabicu 10b-11 11 - 0 25x50 11100 Custard apple Annona reticu/ata 10a 11 40x15 1110E Cypress,bald Taxodium distichum 8a-11 1161- 0 25x80 11111 SOIL MOISTURE 0 Dry 11 Moist 1161 Wet LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade Comments • Small thorny,bushy tree;fragrant flowers;subject to wind damage,will suffer frost damage;likes sandy to clay soil;evergreen;salt-tolerant;native Low-maintenance,messy tree;orange and yellow flowers during winter and spring;evergreen;medium salt Beautiful small tree with exfoliating bark;source of allspice;evergreen;low salt Cross-pollination required;few fruits produced in south Florida;low salt Deciduous;medium salt;native Crooked,multi-trunked tree;deciduous;low salt;native Hybrid;likes well-drained,alkaline soil;evergreen;medium salt Easily cold-damaged;Brogdon is a hardier variety;many varieties available;evergreen;medium salt Needs heavy mulching;spectacularly large flowers;will die back with freeze;low salt Stinky flowers;deciduous;low salt Leaves similar to mulberry without lobes;likes acidic soil;deciduous;low salt;native Smooth bark;likes acidic soil;deciduous;wildlife value;native Attractive peeling bark;likes acidic soil;deciduous;low salt;native Overpopular;spiny;leaves will stain surfaces;subject to freeze damage;evergreen;high salt Can't tolerate drought;evergreen;low salt Dark blue fruit in pairs on stalk;likes acidic soil;deciduous;low salt;native Shrub or small tree with irregular crown,white flowers,purple fruits;reddish underleaf and buds;wildlife value;deciduous;low salt;native Drought-tolerant;smooth gray bark,attractive leaves,purple fruit;wildlife food;evergreen;high salt;native White spring flowers,colorful fall foliage;lives about 30 years;evergreen;high salt Native Beautiful flowering tree;pot-bound plants produce weak-rooted trees;evergreen;high salt Good seaside plant;silver-leaved variety widely grown,native variety available;high salt;evergreen;native Edible orange star-shaped fruits produced year-round;can't tolerate flooding;evergreen;low salt Adaptable,long-lived;don't plant near hawthorns—apples cause cedar apple rust disease;evergreen;high salt;wildlife value;native Tolerates some dryness,does better in moist,well-drained areas;poisonous to livestock;hardy to about 10°F;evergreen;moderate salt;native Spiny fruit encloses sweet,edible nut;white spiked blooms on males;likes alkaline soil;deciduous;moderate salt;native Beautiful late fall flowers;deciduous;low salt Edible fruit;grows best in central and north Florida;deciduous;low salt;native Shallow-rooted;blows over in windstorms;well-drained soil;deciduous;high salt Small,densely branched;not readily available;evergreen;moderate salt;native Attractive bark,showy summer flowers;don't prune branches larger than 1/2-inch diameter;deciduous;moderate salt Deciduous;high salt Selected varieties available;deciduous;low salt Needles turn brown in winter;knees emerge aboveground in root zone;evergreen;high salt;native *Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference GROWTH RATE IRO Now MOO Medium IllII Fast **Mature size=width x height 21 TREES Florida Soil Mature Hardiness Moisture Light Size Growth Common Name Scientific Name Range Range* Range* (feet)" Rate Cypress,pond Taxodium ascendens 8b-11 1111— 11 _ 15x75 11111 Dawn redwood Metasequoia glyptostroboides 8a 11-1111 20x90 11111 Dogwood,flowering Cornus florida 8a-9a 11— O (:,``, 0 20-25 10000 Dogwood,Japanese Cornus kousa 8a 11 "> 20x25 10000 Dragon tree Dracaena draco 10a 0- 11 * 45 10000 Eastern hop hornbeam Ostrya virginiana 8a-9a 11— 0 40 10000 Eggfruit,Canistel Pouterio campechiono 10b-11 11 ?, 20 11100 Elm,American Ulmus americana 8a-9b 11—0-1111 .' 30x40 11111 Elm,Chinese Ulmus parvifolia 8a-10a 11 i 35x65 11100 Elm,winged Ulmus alata 8a-9a 11-1111 Y 5x40 11100 Fiddlewood Citharexylum spinosum(=C fruticosum) 10a-11 0- 11 10x35 11111 Fig,edible Ficus carica 8a-10b 11 12 11111 Firewheel tree Stenocarpus sinuatus 10a-11 11— 0 25x60 11100 Florida soapberry Sapindus marginatus 8a-9b 11 25x50 11100 Floss-silk tree Chorisia speciosa 10a 11— 0 45 11111 Frangipani Plumeria spp. 10b-11 0 15x25 10000 Fringe tree Chionanthus virginicus 8a-9a 11— 0 10x25 10000 Geiger tree Cordia sebestena 10b-11 0- 11 15x25 11100 Golden shower Cassia fistula 10a-10b 0 25x50 11111 Grapefruit Citrus x por adisi 9a-11 11 20 11111 Gumbo limbo Bursera simaruba 10a-11 11— 0 35x60 11111 Hercules'-club Zanthoxy/um clava-herculis 8a-10b 11— 0 15x45 11100 Hickory,mockemut Carya alba(=C.tomentosa) 8a-9b 0- 11 35x60 11111 Hickory,pignut Carya glabra 8a-9a 11— 0 25x75 11111 Hickory,scrub Carya floridana 9a-10a 0 25 11100 Holly,American Ilex opaca 8a-9b 0- 11 15x45 11100 Holly,Carolina Ilex ombigua 8a-9b 11— 0 f•'`, 4, 15 11100 Holly,dahoon Ilex cassine 8a-10b 11—1111 --., 10x50 11100 Holly,East Palatka Ilex x attenuota'East Palatka' 8a-9b 0- 11 At, ':''` 10x30 11100 . Holly,myrtle-leaved Ilex myrtifolia 8a-8b 11—1111 r_h, 10x25 11100 Holly,yaupon Ilex vomitorio 8a-9b 0-1111 r'S iiio 15x20 10000 Hong Kong orchid tree Bauhinia x blakeana 9b-11 0— 11 15x40 11111 Hombeam,American Carpinus coroliniana 8a-9a 11-1111 - -, S 15x50 10000 or ironwood Jaboticaba Myrciaria cauliflora 10b-11 11 15x25 100[0 SOIL MOISTURE 0 Dry 11 Moist 1111 Wet LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade iH 'YA " 1 • • • Comments fit;' Needles turn brown in winter;knees emerge aboveground in root zone;evergreen;high salt;native Evergreen;low salt Best in rich soils,likes acidic to neutral soils;deciduous;low salt;native Deciduous;moderate salt Tree-like fern;lance-shaped foliage,red sap;evergreen;high salt Common to woodlands with good drainage;deciduous;low salt;wildlife value;native Sweet-tasting yellow fruit;requires minimal care;evergreen;high salt • Vase-shaped;deciduous;low salt;native Weeping growth habit;cold-hardy,but foliage drops at 25°F;likes fertile,moist conditions;deciduous;low salt Small with oval crown;interesting corky,winged bark;deciduous;low salt;native Small fragrant flowers,spring through autumn;evergreen;moderate salt;native Tolerant of widely varying soils;low salt Attractive glossy leaves;columnar growth habit;evergreen;low salt Small tree or shrub;high salt;native Spiny green trunk,spectacular flowers;deciduous;high salt White,yellow or orange flowers in spring,summer and fall;evergreen;moderate salt Drought-tolerant;likes acidic soil;wildlife food;deciduous;low salt;native Round crown,showy orange blossoms;attracts caterpillars;likes sandy soil;evergreen;high salt • Very attractive flower;deciduous;moderate salt Swallowtail butterfly host plant;needs good mulching;likes acidic soil;evergreen;low salt Large branches will root directly;attractive copper and green peeling bark;easily freeze-damaged;deciduous;high salt;native • Round crown,interesting compound leaves,tall clusters of greenish flowers;thorny;deciduous;high salt;native Yellow autumn leaves;deciduous;low salt;native • Likes clay soil;deciduous;low salt;native Rarely cultivated;likes sandy soil;deciduous;low salt;native Very spiny,stiff leaves,gray to white bark;prefers acidic soil;wildlife food and shelter,evergreen;moderate salt;native Shrubby;bright-red 1/3-inch fruits;tolerant of varying conditions and sites;evergreen;native Red berries;grows in boggy sites;evergreen;moderate salt;native Red berries;cross between American and dahoon hollies;prefers acidic soil;evergreen;moderate salt;native Shrubby;small narrow leaves,1/4-inch fruits;evergreen;wildlife food;moderate salt;native Small,bushy,with many branches;red fruits,small leaves;evergreen;high salt;native 4 Evergreen;moderate salt Also called ironwood;deciduous;low salt;native Large shrub size;attractive bark,delicious fruit;likes moist but well-drained soil;evergreen;low salt GROWTH RATE 10000 Slow 11111 Fast *Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference IIIOO Medium **Mature size=width x height 23 TREES Florida Soil Mature Hardiness Moisture Light Size Growth • Common Name Scientific Name Range Range* Range* (feet)** Rate Jacaranda Jacaranda acutifolia 9b-11 11 - 0 40x50 11111 Jamaican dogwood Piscidia piscipula 10b-11 0- 11 25x45 11111 Jerusalem thorn Parkinsonia aculeata 8b-11 0 15x25 11111 Joewood Jacquinia keyensis 10a-11 0 6x15 IOODU Key lime Citrus aurantifolia 10b-11 0 10-15 11100 Lancewood Ocotea coriacea 10b-11 0- 11 25 11100 Lemon Citrus limon 9a-11 11 15 11100 Lignum vitae Guojaarm sanctum 10b-11 1/11- 0 20x30 �';E Loblolly bay Gordonia lasianthus 8a-9b 1111- 11 15x60 11100 Loquat Eriobotrya japonica 7-11 11 25-30 11100 Lychee Litchi chinensis 10a-11 11 35 11100 Madagascar olive Noronhia emarginata 10b-11 0 15x25 11100 Magnolia,southern Magnolia grandiflora 8a-10a 11 - 0 35x80 11100 Mahogany Swietenia mahagoni 10a-11 11 - 0 35x50 11111 Mango Mangifera indica 10b-11 11 - 0 60 11106 Mangrove,black Avicennia germinans 9b-11 1111 25 11100 , Mangrove,red Rhizophora mangle 9b-11 1111 15x40 11100 Mangrove,white Laguncularia racemosa 9b-11 1111 30 111H0 Maple,Florida sugar Acersaccharum subsp.floridanum 8a-9a 11 -1111 15x30 11111 Maple,red Acerrubrum 8a-10a 1111- 0 30x60 11111 Maple,silver Acer saccharinum 8a 1111- 11 25x50 11111 Mastic Sideroxylon foetidissimum 9b-11 0 - 11 25x60 111 (=Mastichodendron foetidissimum) May haw Crataegus aestivalis 8a-9a 1111- 11 15x15 10000 Mimusops Manilkara roxburghiana 10a 0 - 11 30x20 1110 Mulberry,red Morus rubra 8a-10a 11 30x70 11111 Oak,bluejack Quercus incana 8a-9b 0 20x35 R H Oak,Chapman Quercus chapmanii 9a-10a 0 20 10000 Oak,diamond leaf Quercus laurfolia 8a-10b 11 -11/1 45x80 11111 Oak,laurel Quercus hemisphaerica 8a-10a 0- 11 40x80 11100 Oak,live Quercus virginiana 8a-11 0 - 11 40x60 11100 Oak,myrtle Quercus myrtifolia 8a-10a 0 15x35 E0000 Oak,overcup Quercus lyrata 8a-8b 11 -1111 35x70 11100 Oak,sand live Quercus geminata 8a-10b 0 20x40 11100 Oak,Shumard Quercus shumardii 8a-9a 11 - 0 25x80 11100 SOIL MOISTURE 0 Dry 66 Moist 6666 Wet LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade •• s Comments Fragrant lavender flowers in spring and summer;young trees damaged at 25°F,older trees slightly more tolerant of cold;prefers loose,sandy soil;deciduous;low salt Bluish-purple flowers;deciduous;high salt;native Open-growth habit;small,spiny;young trees damaged at 18°F,older trees slightly more cold-tolerant;gets root rot on wet soil;prefers sandy soil;deciduous;high salt Round,compact;wonderfully fragrant flowers,blue-gray bark;tolerant of dry soil;evergreen;high salt;native Fruit very acid;swallowtail butterfly host plant;evergreen;medium salt;wildlife value Small;evergreen;low salt;native Don't mulch around base;swallowtail butterfly host plant;evergreen;low salt;wildlife value Drought-tolerant,but responds well to moist conditions;blue flowers,attractive foliage;gnarled,white bark;evergreen;high salt;native Good for wet areas;evergreen;low salt;native Edible orange fruit may be infested with Caribbean fruit fly;evergreen;high salt Beautiful shade tree with delicious fruit;prefers somewhat acidic soil;evergreen;low salt Excellent small tree for coastal areas;evergreen;high salt Hardy;large glossy leaves with fuzzy brown undersides,large showy white flowers,red 4-inch seed pods;drought-tolerant;evergreen;moderate salt;native Mahogany webworm often defoliates tree briefly;evergreen;moderate salt;native Many varieties available;excellent fruit;butterfly host plant;may cause skin or food allergies;prefers sandy soil;evergreen;medium salt Grows in warm coastal areas in brackish water;restrictions on pruning;evergreen;salt-tolerant;native Grows in warm coastal areas in brackish water;stilt-like roots;restrictions on pruning;evergreen;salt-tolerant;native Grows in warm coastal areas;restrictions on pruning;evergreen;salt-tolerant;native Squarish lobed leaves,bell-shaped flowers;former scientific name,A.barbatum;deciduous;low salt;native Excellent red fall color;red male flowers,winged fruit on female;likes moist to wet soil,tolerates acidic soil;deciduous;low salt;native Underside of leaves silvery;deciduous;low salt;native Female trees have messy fruit;wildlife food;evergreen;high salt;native Highly disease-resistant;spreading,dense symmetrical crown;deciduous;low salt;native Good for coastal landscapes;evergreen;high salt Berries stain;large showy leaves;may be damaged by freezes;deciduous;moderate salt;native Likes sandy soil;deciduous;low salt;native Shrubby;likes sandy soil;deciduous;moderate salt;native Fast-growing,well-shaped;evergreen;low salt;native Round crown;dislikes alkaline soil;small and short-lived;evergreen;low salt;native Wind-resistant;long-lived;when mature,wider than tall;hardy to 0°F;evergreen;high salt;native Good for dry,sandy sites;evergreen;moderate salt;native Likes acidic soil;deciduous;low salt;native Smaller version of live oak;likes sandy soil;evergreen;high salt;native Handsome lobed leaves turn bright red in fall;does well in sandy or acidic soil;deciduous;low salt;native . Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference GROWTH RATE LOU Slow Il1iU Medium 11111 Fast **Mature size=width x height 25 TREES Florida Soil Mature Hardiness Moisture Light Size Growth Common Name Scientific Name Range Range* Range* (feet)* Rate Oak,swamp chestnut Quercus michauxii 8a-9a 11 35x80 1117 Oak,turkey Quercus laevis 8a-9b 0- 11 20x50 III Oak,water Quercus nigra 8a-9a 11 -1111 50x80 11111 Oak,white Quercus alba 8a-8b 11 50x70 Oak,willow Quercus phe/los 8a-8b 11 -1111 35x75 11111 Orange, sweet Citrus sinensis 9b-11 11 15 111_l Osage orange Madura pomifera 8a-9a 0 25x50 11111 Paradise tree Simaouba glauca 9b-11 11 35 111E0 Peach and nectarine Prunus persica 8a-8b 11 12-20 11100 Pear,Hood Pyrus communis'Hood' 8a-9a 11 - 0 20 11111 Pecan Carya illinoinensis 8a-9b 0 50 1Hoo Persimmon,Japanese Diospyros kaki 8a-10b /1 25 11100 Pigeon plum Coccoloba diversifolia 10a-11 0— 11 15x30 11111 Pine,loblolly Pinus taeda 8a-9b 1111- 0 25x100 11111 Pine,long-leaf Pinus palustris 8a-10a 0— 11 35x90 1^ Pine,sand Pinus clause 8a-10a 0 25x30 1'i Pine,slash Pinus e//iottii 8a-10a 0— 11 25x120 11111 Pine,South Florida slash Pinus a//iottii var.dense 10a-11 O - 11 25x100 11111 Pine,spruce Pinus glabra 8a-8b 11 -1111 25x60 11111 Pink-and-white shower Cassia javanica 10a 0 25x40 11111 Pitch apple C/usia rosea 10a-11 11 - 0 15x25 10000 Plum,Chickasaw Prunus angustifolia 8a-9a 11 15x25 111110 Plum,flatwoods Prunus umbellata 9a-9b 11 10x25 11100 Pond apple Annona g/abra 10a-11 1111- 11 15x30 11100 Red bay Perseo borbonia 8a-11 11 - 0 35x50 11100 Red buckeye Aescu/us pavia 8a-9a 11 -1111 15-25 11100 Red stopper Eugenia rhombea 9b-11 0— /1 10x20 11100 Redberry stopper Eugenia confuse 10a-11 0— 11 10x30 11100 Redbud Cercis canadensis 8a-9b 11 - 0 15x25 11100 Royal poinciana Delonix regia 10a-11 0 50x50 11111 Sassafras Sassafras albidum 8a-9a 6 20x45 1110O Satinleaf Chrysophyllum oliviforme 10b-11 11 - 0 15x40 1 Seagrape Coccoloba uvifera 9b-11 0 — 11 25x30 11100 Silk bay Persea humilis 9a-9b 0 30 Sour gum Nyssa sylvatica 8a-9a 1111- 11 80 11100 SOIL MOISTURE 0 Dry 66 Moist 6666 Wet LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade N t P� r Comments i' L. Can grow to 100 feet;large acorns,1 to 1 1/2 inches;tolerates brief floods;prefers moist woodland soil;deciduous;low salt;native Brilliant scarlet leaves in fall;does well in dry,sandy soil;deciduous;moderate salt;native Smooth,slightly furrowed bark;prefers moist sites,but can survive dry periods;evergreen;low salt;native Well-drained acidic soil;bird food;deciduous;low salt;native Willow-like linear leaves;wildlife food;deciduous;high salt;native Needs to be grafted for best fruit;swallowtail butterfly host plant;needs fertile soil;evergreen;low salt Nice ornamental with edible fruit;deciduous;moderate salt New red foliage,attractive compound leaves,yellow spring flowers;wildlife food;evergreen;moderate salt;native Some varieties available for central and north Florida;needs cold;poisonous parts;vulnerable to pests;prefers well-drained soil;deciduous;low salt Needs rich,well-drained soil;prefers pH 5.0 to 7.0;deciduous;low salt Prefers well-drained soil;deciduous;low salt Many varieties available;only female produces fruit;deciduous;medium salt Attractive bark,variable leaf shape and size,edible purple fruit,white spring flowers;evergreen;high salt;native Prefers wetter areas;evergreen;low salt;native Slow-growing;long needles,very large cones;prefers sandy,dry sites;evergreen;low salt;native Smaller pine;short needles,small cones;prefers well-drained,sandy sites;evergreen;high salt;native Intolerant of root compaction or grade changes;needs little fertilizing;prefers acidic sandy soil;evergreen;moderate salt;native Intolerant of grade changes,traffic above root system;needs little or no fertilizing;prefers acidic,sandy soil;evergreen;moderate salt;native Long,narrow crown;cones,15 to 25 inches;dark gray bark;does poorly in south Florida;evergreen;low salt;native Very showy blooms;deciduous;moderate salt Leathery,tough leaves,showy pink and white spring flowers;evergreen;high salt;native Early bloomer with fragrant white flowers;deciduous;high salt;native White flowers bloom before leaves appear;crooked trunk,purple fruit;deciduous;low salt;native Dense,upturned branches,apple-shaped fall fruits;prefers wet or swampy sites;deciduous;moderate salt;native Fragrant leaves,good in cooking;lower leaf surface grayish white;prefers sandy,acidic,moist sites;evergreen;high salt;wildlife value;native Seeds poisonous;red flowers attract hummingbirds;wildlife value;deciduous;low salt;native Endangered;evergreen;moderate salt;native Evergreen;high salt;native Purple spring flowers,heart-shaped leaves;deciduous;low salt;native Large spreading tree,brilliant flowers,messy;subject to freeze damage;deciduous;moderate salt Different-shaped leaves;bark smells like root beer;deciduous;low salt;native Dark glossy green leaves with bronzy fuzz on bottom side;subject to freeze damage;evergreen;moderate salt;native Edible fruits used for jelly;broad,spreading seaside plant;dinner plate-sized leaves;subject to freeze damage;evergreen;wildlife value;high salt;native Black bark;likes sandy soil;evergreen;moderate salt;native Likes wet sites and acidic soil;deciduous;low salt;native • * Matoi uresture size 8 width x heighte n or.=r• . -`ence GROWTH RATE i Slow Hi I Medium III, Fast t a a TREES Florida Soil Mature Hardiness Moisture Light Size Growth Common Name Scientific Name Range Range* Range* (feet)** Rate Soursop Annona muricata 10b-11 11 15x25 111, Sourwood Oxydendrum arboreum 8a-8b 11 — 0 15x50 1, Southern catalpa or Catalpa bignonioides 8b-9b 11 35x40 11111 Indian bean Southern crabapple Malus angustifolia 8a-8b 11 —1111 25x25 1110C Spanish stopper Eugenia foetida 9b-11 0-1111 10x15 11100 Spiny black olive Bucida spinosa 10b-11 11 — 0 15x25 IICH Star-apple Chrysophyllum cainito 10a-11 0 35 11100 Sugarbeny Celtis laevigata 8a-10b 11 35x50 1110C Summer haw Crataegus flava 9a-9b 11 15 END Swamp bay Persea palustris 8a-10b 11—/111 35x40 MCC Sweetbay Magnolia virginiana 8a-9b 1111— 11 60x90 11100 Sweetgum Liquidambarstyraciflua 8a-9b 11-1111-0 80 11111 Sycamore Platanus occidentalis 8a-9a 11 70x100 11111 Tamarind Tamarindus indica 10a 11 50x65 11100 Tangelo Citrus x tangelo 9a-11 11 15 11100 Tangerine Citrus reticulata 9b-11 11 15 11100 Trumpet tree Tabebuia spp. 10a-11 1/ 10x25 11100 Tulip tree Liriodendron tulipifera 9a-9b 11 35x90 11111 Velvet-apple,Mabolo Diospyros discolor 10a-11 11 25 1111[ Water tupelo Nyssa aquatica 8a-8b 1111— 11 25x100 White sapote Casimiroa edulis 10a-11 0 40 111 , Wild dilly Manilkara bahamensis 10a-11 0- 11 25 1 Wild lime Zanthoxylum fagara 9b-11 11 — 0 15x25 11111 Wild tamarind Lysi/oma latisiliqua 10b-11 11 — 0 25x50 111 Willow,weeping Salix babylonica 8a-9b 1111— 11 40x50 11111 Ylang-ylang Cananga odorata 10a-11 0 25x40 11111 SOIL MOISTURE )Dry 11 Moist 1//1 Wet LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade • 4 �4►, Elm, winged Ulmus alata 4 211 t c ...' 'IN 10 .2„, t V i vo,, ., , . •.‘ . , ,, Tulip tree `' 'a Liriodendron tulipifera - A „, ' . ,4) ! • Sweetbay Magnolia virginiana S Comments Grows in warmest parts of Florida;edible fruit;evergreen;moderate salt Fragrant white bell-shaped flowers in spring and summer;gray bark has touch of red;deciduous;moderate salt;native Large,velvet,heart-shaped leaves;abundant clusters of slightly fragrant bell-shaped flowers,white with orange stripes and purple spots; fruit,6-to 12-inch capsules;deciduous;low salt;native Shrub or small thorny tree;fragrant pink spring flowers,sour fruit;wildlife value;deciduous;low salt;native Mildly fragrant flowers;evergreen;high salt;native A small,spiny cousin of the black olive;evergreen;wildlife value;moderate salt;native No serious pests;evergreen;low salt Best for central and north Florida;fruits;wildlife value;deciduous;low salt;native Fragrant flowers;wildlife value;deciduous;native Hairy brown underleaf;likes moist areas;evergreen;high salt;native Tall cylinder shape,white summer flowers;evergreen;low salt;native Pyramidal shape,attractive fall color;spiny brown seeds,star-shaped leaves;fast-growing;does well in sandy or acidic soil;wildlife value;deciduous;low salt;native Large leaves,exfoliating bark;tolerates wet and dry conditions;deciduous;moderate salt;native Extremely wind-resistant;evergreen;moderate salt Swallowtail butterfly host plant;evergreen;low salt;native Swallowtail butterfly host plant;evergreen;low salt Asymmetrical growth habit;corky bark,spectacular yellow spring flowers;deciduous;moderate salt Fragrant yellow flowers,oval crown;deciduous;low salt;native No serious pests;evergreen;low salt Blue to purple fruit on long stalks;likes moist to wet sites;deciduous;moderate salt;native Prefers acidic soil;evergreen;medium salt Small tree or shrub;drooping clusters of yellow flowers;evergreen;high salt;native Has recurved thorns,lime-scented foliage;larval food plant for giant swallowtail butterfly;suffers from freeze damage;wildlife value;evergreen;high salt native Small weeping tree;deciduous;high salt;native Aggressive rootr, s—avoid sewer and water lines;deciduous;low salt Very fragrant flowers used in perfume;open-growth habit;evergreen;low salt GROWTH RATE � �[[� Slow ����� Medium ����I Fast *Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference **Mature size=width x height • Y.1 ,: .: ? '. . . Southern � ' ti a �' R;I, catalpa + �,� '.. ' w j1 Catalpa �`� .`, . = .; bignonioides .01 '1/ ...,* ' - ',.;; -t- •4ik,. .. , , . ,,,, ) R - ize ># ti_ �' Maple, Florida sugar Wild lime Acer saccharum subsp. floridanum Zanthoxylun7 fagara )9 TREES ,,t" .4,t7, .7 ,ON• " ',yr ,- , . -v -,44.401 F-J„ • ,4,. 1 •-.... - „i •••,....•-, -,,.. - . , 6, 4, ' ,,.,. A....,_,:. . 114... .4. , •- ".‘ "IV- .• . I V '-•jitc* ''.1.11W ..1'..'.'s I.'''',P #:,,/1 ''' `4( . ' • 'he, Dogwood, flowering '‘';'-'—- •!- ' '4. '1/4 4., .,,, -:'.1,-..,iN r , '' 1'''Vt. '' .,` ,:,"';" '4„'. ' .' i :, , ', ,,,,,,i,,,, ...., ' ' .;„•,:iet...,APAF..,,, i ' • . '4. ..-.: -.. -- ,s...,e.‘, .... ,,.'''K, _. '''' -,. ',',-, '_:,:•,..:,;.,:k.,-f,',COIDUS florida - -.c.: ' ''',A • . '.. - s '' -c.,:':.• ' " ''.•,...4:;,..„,:;.,-,..4eY"ivi ` \-y-," 'N114... ''' •'t„ >Li'. '., ••••4-..,1,......•- ..---..r.•..s..- ... 'Y. 1. 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''`eqc . • -.... n.-.1,-, ‘,„-440; .11, 2 ill, -t... , .4: ----- 4- '-', , :-' .)-...4 /'4'A4 ', ' 4;',•-:-.,. flatwoods 1,11",..•'t1 ' , Plum,.."1 ' -,,,' , "'4. -- .e. ,, , go,s6AVrkYr, •:k`•.1,1; * ' '7! • 4;. -vr `4 ki Prunus umbellata, .-' "le•, ''i f4v -; _,0)12 • ' . ,,,\ :, , ',) • :- ( .. . , :04 qr„...,Atts .11,,,:,.., ck .,1.-,,,,,,,_ ,•.. , ,. .1 ‘ .„-• ,, ,,,.. sy... , --- sEL ii• .,••• •. -a 11/4*,0„, ,c.-,, ah ..,.., i 4 II iP 4 - 7 ... •-lj ../ ^ - • , .:‘1'0.1.t.:„. .•.-$11#2---, , . :'/,...1\f•Aii.''`0_i RI-. ',. c , :' 46.14, ik. Ir. 'Ak • ,"'" .)..` ' , 141,1elik 11P. 4 Iii 1,tr_i'.. - f-gti..,1,.:._,>;„-st 4__-- ,,..,•,f=5,,i,.. . itt. ....._., / * , '' 7::).-, s .t;,‘ -4,o •,. 110. 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Sweetgum Liquidambar styracifItia ..., PALM - LIKE Florida Soil Mature Hardiness Moisture Light Size Growth Common Name Scientific Name Range Range* Range* (feet) Rate Alexandra palm Archontophoenix alexandrae 10b-11 11 40 11110 Bird-of-paradise tree Strelitzia nicolai 9a-11 11 20 11111 Bismarck palm Bismarckia nobi/is 10a-11 11 -0 60 IOOOO Buccaneer palm Pseudophoenix sargentii 10b-11 IlUOO O - 11 10 Cabbage palm Sabal palmetto 8a-11 0 -1114 40 IOOOO Canary Island date palm Phoenix canariensis 9a-11 Q - 11 40 IDOOEI Cardboard palm Zamia furfuracea 10a-11 Q - 11 4 IIIOO Cat palm Chamaedorea cataractarum 10b-11 11 5 HUH Chinese fan palm Livistona chinensis 9a-11 11 - 0 25 IOOOLI Cliff date palm Phoenix rupicola 10a-11 0 - 11 25 IOOOO Clustering fishtail palm Caryota mitis 10a-11 11 - 0 18 IIIOO Coconut palm Cocos nucifera 10b-11 0 - 11 60 IIIOO Cycad,Dioon Dioon edule 8b-11 0 10 Mil Dwarf palmetto Sabal minor 8a-10b 0 - 11 6 IOUOO European fan palm Chamaerops humi/is 8a-11 Q - 11 10 IOOOO Florida royal palm Roystonea regia 10a-11 11 80 IIIOO Hurricane palm Dictyosperma album 10b-11 11 30 IOOOO King sago Cycas revoluta 8b-11 Q - 11 8 EON Lady palm Rhapis excelsa 10a-11 11 7 IOOOO Licuala palm Licuala grandis 10b-11 11 8 ENO Macarthur palm Ptychosperma macarthurii 10b-11 11 25 IIIOO Needle palm Rhapidophyllum hystrix 8a-10b 11 - 6666 5 IOOOO Parlor palm Chamaedorea elegans 10b-11 11 6 INN Paurotis palm Acoelorrhaphe wrightii 9b-11 11/1 - 11 20 EN Pindo palm Butia capitota 8a-10b 0 15 IOOOO Ponytail palm No/ina recurvata 10a-11 Q - 11 10 IOOOO Queen palm Syagrus romanzoffiana 10a-11 11 40 IIIII ' Queen sago Cycas rumphii 9b-11 Q - 11 15 III Saw palmetto Serenoa repens 8a-11 Q -1111 6 IOOOO Scrub palmetto Saba/etonia 8a-10b Q 4 III Silver palm Coccothrinax argentata 10b-11 Q - 11 10 IOOOO Solitaire palm Ptychosperma elegans 10b-11 11 - O 20 IL Spanish bayonet Yucca oloifolia 8a-11 C‘ 15 IIIOO Thatch palm,Florida Thrinax radiata 10b-11 20 I[L Thatch palm,Key Thrinax morrisii 10b-11 Q 20 INC Triangle palm Neodypsis decaryi 10b-11 11 - 0 25 IIIOO Washington palm Washingtonia robusta 8a-11 O - 11 80 Hill Wild date palm Phoenix sy/vestris 9a-11 Q 40 IOOOO Windmill palm Trachycarpus fortunei 8a-10b Q 25 IOOOO Yucca,spineless Yucca elaphantipes 9b-11 Q - 11 20 III SOIL MOISTURE 0 Dry 11 Moist 1111 Wet LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade Comments Also called king palm;new leaves may be bronze;doesn't transplant well;low salt Banana-like leaves easily tattered by wind;purple or white flowers;suckers will form large clump;likes acidic soil;low salt Massive fan palm with large silver-blue leaves;slow to form trunk,moderate growth after trunk development;likes sandy soil;moderate salt Also called cherry palm;bright red fruit;very slow-growing;endangered;likes sandy soil;high salt;native State tree;also called sabal palm;very wind-resistant;fronds removed when transplanted;high salt;native Sharp spines;overwatering causes fungal disease;stressed plants invaded by palmetto weevil;susceptible to lethal yellowing;heavily damaged at 20°F;large;moderate salt Sturdy,slightly fuzzy stiff leaves;red seeds in female plants are poisonous;suffers heavy freeze damage Moderate drought tolerance in shade;virtually trunkless;clumping palm;likes sandy soil;low salt Long leaftip segments droop gracefully;spiny;slightly susceptible to lethal yellowing;survives 20°F with some leaf damage;other Livistona species available Graceful,moderately sized palm;bright-green arching pinnate leaves;spiny;moderate salt Stems die after fruiting,are replaced by suckers;fruit contains irritating crystals;low salt "Malayan"and"Maypan"are only lethal-yellowing-resistant varieties;high salt Sharp,stiff,shiny,dark-green leaflets;long-lived;very slow-growing;trunk forms only after many years;low salt Shade-tolerant;widely adaptable to most soils;moderate salt;native Cold-tolerant to 12°F;spiny;much variation in leaf color;moderate salt Grows tall;has uniform trunk diameter;tolerant of wet conditions;moderate salt;native Also called princess palm;moderately susceptible to lethal yellowing;drying winds can burn foliage;likes sandy soil;moderate salt Stiff,dark-green foliage;prone to magnesium deficiency;cold-tolerant to 10°F;small,confined root system;low salt Palmate leaves yellow in sun;forms dense clusters;manganese deficiency on alkaline soil;moderate salt Small;unique corrugated,circular leaves need protection from drying winds;likes wet,sandy soils;low salt A slender,multiple-trunked palm;small leaves and thin trunk;lethal-yellowing-resistant;low salt Trunkless;fiber-matted crown with sharp needle-like fibers;moderate salt Densely clustering trunked palm;low salt Spiny,multi-trunked;manganese deficiency in alkaline soil;moderate salt;native Also called jelly palm;stiff,blue-green pinnate leaves;cold-hardy to 15°F;does best in central and north Florida;moderate salt Tree-like fern;large swollen base;micro-nutrient deficiencies are common;low salt Cold-sensitive;large,messy fruits;weak-rooted;poor wind resistance;prefers acidic soil or manganese deficiency develops;low salt Upright,soft,fern-like leaves;forms visible trunk;cold-tolerant to 28°F;moderate salt Very adaptable;striking silver-blue form available;berries;excellent drought tolerance;difficult to transplant;wildlife value;high salt;native Occurs only on Florida peninsula,on drier soil than dwarf palmetto;likes sandy soil;moderate salt;native Dark fruit,palmate leaves with striking silver undersides;endangered;likes sandy soil;wildlife value;high salt;native Solitary,small,slender;lethal-yellowing-resistant;needs protection from cold and drying winds;low salt Often planted to deter unwanted foot traffic;sharp-tipped leaves,edible flowers;good drought tolerance;needs good drainage;likes sandy soil;high salt Tolerant of high alkalinity;does best in full sun;high salt;native Tolerant of high alkalinity and coastal conditions;slow-growing;other species of Thrinax are cultivated;high salt;native Blue-green leaves uniquely arranged in three planes;low salt Very tall,slender;spiny leaves damaged at 20°F;overwatering causes root rot;moderate salt Also called toddy palm or India date palm;variable blue-green cast to leaves;moderate salt Very cold-hardy palm;does not thrive in hot,tropical conditions;soft,disorganized brown fiber on trunk;moderate salt Harmless,soft leaftips,variegated forms available;moderate salt GROWTH RATE Inn Slow Medium 11111 Fast *Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference PALM - LIKE lit i,foi:4 1 lisii . r . • '' \volivil ,,,, .44;4 . e . 'N. ' . '•6k, • .,, ''4. .1._ . 4.-•:".'.. " ' .44 \‘Nt '' 14411 L. \, .., / ire 1/4 . ...\ /' ..,hz 1 '\ s, fr/. \ ...'. . ,' . .4 " IV' \\fr . y 4 1 1 A il lir I , - \ -- - ie. ...;• ' '"-. I, / •°.- IIlla ,o, 1 - —..... \ . • Saw palmetto ..., ,P . .. _ Se rem°repens „ .. • ......_, ,,-- -•,.,..:. , .. :,. .; k., .... , ,.. : . ,...„, rilly.,. , , •.. ... ,ii. • . , ..„ W".,?.. .. , . ' 7,...,.._ .....%,,,,;,..3..• . ... ''.:,,'\:...,,,' z„....--• .' 1 'le . .7-' 41.‘„..,. ' ,......et .. .. ; • ...... , : --t::- ,:-.%. ''''', '''::,:t!), • ,:„.. .,„v.:•,;,;,;:,c ...fi::..'.*':-. /, * . ' ,• ip., ---_,- .,. ,....i-„Arks, •••• • . . . ,. "•401:K"';',,,,,,1?'• _,, OP"'" Y,„r"-;.:11';,:::'-',., -4ofe,Ail* , 'w • -, ' .„_, ' '' .."1'•••71-,..,?,' ,::. '' i,''', .:`,V ': ' ": • ''.- .,"..-. l'''-'' ',14 ':,- •.", 1, oef.- IF ' •4`4\ . ....',4if•• :': 0.*:' ? .'' .--' ft • ili\ •...; ''' .' -•. .,,• . voe -tf • .." . • . .. - . . , -I.. .-. • . --"6-/ ..,,,,•-•\V ' .., . . :"..- / ,:'.,,It,,,.. • ft 4" ','74 ,• 1,,,, King sago f ei• .. i!'''''.,' 4''', ,..:. . ..‘ Cycns revo/uta 4, 7", Canaiy Island date palm P170€171)(C01701-1e17SiS 34 '' fil i' i t, - . it I 1 p) t+`/// , Mt , \if, fa\Irk,4wV0''..,,•''•:‘•.t 1%..'•.'•,.:-.7•sp I,"P,.J-.1,(,,;.r;,'••' ‘i '�'" '` ' ‘_ ; It tom. *•,.. �� _ • ; N, Cardboard palm a,t� • 1 I ..�\ \\ \ Zamia furfuracea '\ 40 N\' ' • ' L C,r,r �,{ Pindo palm 7t i 1 •-. y r. Butia capitata -, i,IffrilliiiIkr,\.1,,,,f4 ,,,, . ... , . .. , . , .. ,,. , ! ,.,\ , , ,...,„.,...... , , • -,. .,,....,,,,, , , ,1 ..... .,,, ,, _ •••,,,. ,, , ,,,,, , ,,,, , Aio, i, ,pv, , , ... . „ , u_ - ,._ a`.-f - ,•• e, _. . . ; J - S+ - 1 European fan palm ;` � • � � .+' ' �r Chamaerops humilis ,t :. \a `\ f1 / t \\` lam' / „� / f' s ° • G rI fir / / Iy, i� , -11 1T1 ' ` 4!,, an.,__ ^ 7,,,,— - is,I. / i Cabbage palm " Sabal palmetto - "WOO" 1 � � Thatch palm, Florida / ' . Thrinax radiata i ,v tt� v \,`�. Florida Soil Mature Hardiness Moisture Light Size Growth Common Name Scientific Name Range Range* Range* (feet) Rate Adam's needle Yucca filamentosa 8a-9b 6 Alder,yellow Turnera ulmifolia 10b-11 3 American beautybeny Callicarpa americana 8a-11 __ - 6-9 Angel's-trumpet Brugmansia x candida 10b-11 41 14 Anise-tree Illicium anisatum 8a-10b 11 20 Apple,seven-year Genipa clusiifolia(=Casasia clusiifolia) 10a-11 116 - 10 Aralia,lacy-lady Evodia suaveolens var.ridleyi 10b-11 64 6 Arbor-vitae,Oriental Platycladus orientalis 8a-10b 11 20 Arrow-wood Viburnum dentatum 8a-8b 11 10 Azalea hybrids Rhododendron spp. 8a-10a 11 10 Bahama coffee Psychotria ligustrifolia 10b-11 11 4 Barberry,'crimson pygmy' Berberis thunbergii'Atropurpurea Nana' 8a-9b 11 4 MIN Barberry,wintergreen Berberis julianae 8a-9b 11 5 IRE Bay cedar Suriana maritima 10b-11 O 10 EH Beach elder Iva imbricata 9a-10b 0 3 11111 Black torch Erithalis fruticosa 10a-11 0 8 fl[j Blackberry,Brazos Rubus cultivar Brazos 8a-9a 11 4 11111 Blueberry Vaccinium cultivars 8a-10b 11 8 II1[] Blueberry,evergreen Vaccinium darrowii 8a-11 Q 2 1E11 Blueberry,highbush Vaccinium cormybosum 8a-11 11 — ( 10 10[E Blueberry,shiny Vaccinium myrsinites 8a-11 11 — C 2 UuURI Bottlebrush,lemon Callistemon citrinus 9a-11 11 20 111111 Bottlebrush,stiff Callistemon rigidus 9a-11 11 15 11100 Bougainvillea,paper flower Bougainvillea glabra 10b-11 44 — C 8 11111 Boxthom Severinia buxifolia 9a-10b 6 If100 Buckthom,tough Sideroxylon tenax(=Bumelia tenax) 8b-9b 20 I000[1 Bush clock vine Thunbergia erecta 10b-11 5 1110[1 Butterfly-bush Buddle%a asiatica 9b 10 III Buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentalis 8a-10a - 15 Ili00 Calamondin orange x Citrofortuneia microcarpa 10b-11 10-25 11100 Caper,Jamaican Capporis cynophallophora 10b-11 - 9 10000 Caricature plant Graptophyllum pictum 10b-11 11 -P 5 -,0- 5 11111 Carolina silverbell Halesia carolina 8a-9b 11 25 11100 Cassia,Bahama Senna mexicana var.chapmanii 10a 11 — C 8 11111 Century plant,maguey Agave americana 9a-11 6+ 'rl1'r SOIL MOISTURE a Dry 1/ Moist 1144 Wet LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade 36 p � r .` r . fir, Comments , rt3 '` • Spine-tipped leaves with filamentous edges,white spring flowers;prefers sandy soil;evergreen;low salt;wildlife value;native Shrub or groundcover;showy yellow flowers;evergreen;high salt Pink spring flowers,stunning purple berries;one variety has white berries;wildlife value;deciduous;low salt;native Showy fragrant flowers;poisonous;evergreen;low salt Needs good,moist soil;green spring flowers;evergreen;low salt Fragrant white flowers,large glossy leaves;good seaside plant;prefers sandy soil;evergreen;high salt;native Good hedge material;yellow summer flowers;evergreen;low salt Can be small tree;evergreen;low salt Good hedge material;showy white flowers in spring and summer,blue-black fruit;tolerates a wide range of soil;deciduous;low salt;wildlife value;native Showy spring and fall flowers,wide variety of colors;dwarf variety less than 3 feet tall;needs acidic soil;evergreen;low salt Rare white flowers in spring and summer;wildlife value;evergreen;moderate salt;native Showy yellow spring flowers,spiny leaves,green and red foliage;deciduous;moderate salt Spiny;yellow spring flowers;evergreen;moderate salt Good coastal plant;endangered;evergreen;high salt;native Perennial;fleshy leaves;both male and female flowers on plant;prefers sandy,alkaline soil;high salt;native Black fruit,white flowers;prefers sandy soil;rounded shape becomes dense in sun;evergreen;high salt;native Sprawling,vining,thorny;white summer flowers;wildlife value;low salt Likes acidic soil;wildlife value;low salt;native Edible fruit,white spring flowers;spreads by runners;needs acidic soil;wildlife value;evergreen;low salt;native Blueberry-like fruit in early fall,white spring flowers;likes acidic soil;wildlife value;evergreen;moderate salt;native Edible fruit,white or pink spring flowers;spreads by runners;needs acidic soil;wildlife value;evergreen;low salt;native Showy red flowers in spring;can become small tree;evergreen;moderate salt Showy red flowers in spring;can become small tree;evergreen;moderate salt Thorny;very drought-tolerant;showy flowers in variety of colors;grows well in sandy soil;evergreen;high salt Spiny;good hedge material;white spring flowers;evergreen;moderate salt Thorny;white spring flowers;prefers sandy soil;evergreen;high salt;native Can be hedge with pruning;purple or white flowers;evergreen;moderate salt Showy fragrant flower clusters,variety of colors;blooms in winter and spring;wildlife value;evergreen;low salt Survives in standing water;white spring flowers;deciduous;low salt;native Needs well-drained soil;evergreen;low salt Rusty leaf undersides;showy pink or white flowers in spring;grows on shellrock;evergreen;high salt;native Showy red flowers in spring,variety of leaf colors and shapes;vulnerable to nematodes;evergreen;low salt Flowering shrub for partial shade;yellow winter flowers;grows on lime areas;deciduous;low salt;native Showy yellow flowers in fall and winter;evergreen;low salt;wildlife value;native Spiny succulent;takes years to mature;yellow flower;blooms sporadically;very drought-tolerant;likes sandy soil;evergreen;high salt GROWTH RATE Slow Medium Fast *Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference _37 Florida Soil Mature Hardiness Moisture Light Size Growth Common Name Scientific Name Range Range* Range* (feet) Rate Chapman rhododendron Rhododendron minus var.chapmanii 8a-9b ,.,,, 5 IpppE Chaste-tree Vitex agnus-costus 8a-10b 11 lit 12 III Chenille plant,red hot cattail Acalypha hispida 10b-11 16 -1 , 5 11111 Chinese spiraea Spiraea cantoniensis 8a-9b 11 5 IIIN Christmas bevy Lycium carolinianum 8a-11 Q ' ` ,. 7 1110E Cleyera Ternstroemia gymnanthero 10a-11 11 <7,. 15 11100 Cocoplum Chrysobalanus icaco 10b-11 16 20 IIIGO Coontie Zamia pumila 8b-11 16 - Q 2 11],; Copperleaf Acalypha wilkesiana 10b-11 16 8 11111 Coral bean Erythrina herbacea 8a-11 11 - 0 15 11E0 • Crabapple Maus angustifolia 8a-9b 16 -Q 20 1110E Crape jasmine Tabernaemontana divaricata 10b-11 16 7 1110E Crape myrtle Lagerstroemia indica 8a-10b 11 -Q 4lb; 20 1110E • • Croton Codiaeum variegatum 10a-11 11 ". go 8 1000E Daisy,African bush Euryops chrysanthemoides 10b-11 11 , - 3 1110E Dracaena Dracaena spp. 9a-11 11 - 0 2-15 III00-I111E Eastern gamagrass Tripsacum dactyloides 8a-11 1111 - 0 ' , 8 11100 Elderberry Sambucus nigra subsp.canadensis 8a-11 1111 15 11111 Fetterbush,swamp doghobble Leucothoe racemosa 8a-9b 1111 6 1110E Fiddlewood Citharexylum spinosum(=C fruticosum) 10b-11 11 - 0 25 1000E Firebush Homelia patens 10a-11 11 3-10 11111 Firecracker plant Russell°equisetiformis 10b-11 11 - 0 4 IIIi]i. Firespike Odontonema tubiforme 9a-9b 11 6 11111 Firethom,red Pyracantha coccinea 8a-10a 11 10-15 11100 Florida boxwood Schaefferia frutescens 10b-11 0 25 10000 Florida flame azalea Rhododendron austrinum 8a-9b 11 6 1111E Florida gamagrass Tripsacum floridanum 10a-11 1111 - Q 6 11111E Florida-anise ///icium floridanum 8a-10a /1// - // 15 111^'E French hydrangea Hydrangea macrophylla 8a-9b 11 -p'`; ,40, 5 11111 Gallberry Ilexglabra 8a-10a 11 8 1000E Garberia Garberia heterophy/la 9a-10a Q 6 111E0 Gardenia,Cape jasmine Gardenia augusta 8a-10a 11 * 6 101E0 Glorybush Tibouchina urvilleana 9b-10b 11 -.a- 10 Ifl[ Glossy abelia Abelia x grandiflora 8a-9b 1t 6 III=E (A.chinensis x A. uniflora) SOIL MOISTURE !'; Dry 11 Moist 6466 Wet LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade 38 ',jk •,l,Mtn +aF ,.% 1 Vl r. ' 4, Comments " '' . .. ~,4 Y H Rare;needs acidic soil;evergreen;low salt;native Needs mulching and pruning;showy blue flowers in spring;deciduous;moderate salt Long pendulous spikes,white or red flowers in summer and fall;evergreen;low salt Showy flowering shrub;does best in Panhandle;white spring flowers;deciduous;low salt Grows in salt marshes;bright red berries,unusual foliage,lavender or white flowers in summer and fall;evergreen;high salt;native Flowering shrub,small tree,or hedge;evergreen;low salt Good hedge material;coastal plant;"red tip"inland variety not salt-tolerant;dark fruit,small white flowers;evergreen;moderate salt;native Grows on shell areas;wildlife value;evergreen;high salt;native Good coastal plant;white flowers in spring and fall,edible purple fruit;evergreen;moderate salt Colorful fruits,poisonous beans,red spring flowers;thorny;wildlife value;evergreen;moderate salt;native Pretty pink flowers followed by edible fruit;low salt;native Showy fragrant white flowers in spring and fall;evergreen;moderate salt Small tree;attractive bark,showy flowers in variety of colors;blooms in spring,summer and fall;deciduous;low salt Showy multicolored leaves;sap is an irritant and stains clothes;evergreen;moderate salt Showy yellow flowers;evergreen;low salt Can be tree,shrub or herbaceous perennial;white,yellow and green flowers in spring;evergreen;low salt Large bunchgrass;perennial;interesting flowers and fruit wildlife value;moderate salt;native Flowers and fruit edible;white spring flowers;wildlife value;evergreen;low salt;native Likes wet;evergreen;native Small fragrant white flowers,orange fruit,glossy leaves;evergreen;moderate salt;native Reddish tubular flowers;winter dieback in cold areas;grows on shell areas;evergreen;moderate salt;native Showy red flowers;evergreen;high salt Perennial;large red flower spikes in fall;needs fertile soil;low salt Good hedge material;white flowers in spring and summer,showy orange-red berries;thorny;subject to fire blight;evergreen;moderate salt Good hedge material;rare species;likes alkaline soil;evergreen;moderate salt;native Showy yellow or orange flowers appear in spring before leaves;prefers acidic soil;deciduous;low salt;native Perennial;rare;moderate salt;native Distinctive red or purple flowers in spring,fragrant foliage;grows on seepage slopes;threatened;evergreen;low salt;native • Needs pruning;flowers change color with soil pH;needs fertile soil,likes acidic soil;deciduous;low salt • White spring flowers,black fruit;high drought tolerance;likes acidic soil;evergreen;moderate salt;wildlife value;native Showy fall flowers in pink or purple;prefers acidic,sandy soil;evergreen;wildlife value;native . Very fragrant,showy white flowers in spring;needs rich acid soil with mulch and good drainage;evergreen;low salt Purple flowers in spring and fall;prefers well-drained acid soil of central Florida;evergreen;low salt Variety of flower colors in spring;prefers loamy,well-drained clay soil of northwestern Florida;low salt GROWTH RATE ,, Slow !P Medium 11111 Fast *Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference 39 SHRUL• Florida Soil Mature ,- .-, -- Hardiness Moisture Light Size Growth Common Name Scientific Name Range Range* Range* (feet) Rate Golden dewdrop Duranta evecta(=Duranta repens) 9b-11 - 15 Huh- Hawthorn,Indian Rhaphiolepis indica 8a-11 1/ 5 FON Hercules'-club Zanthoxylum lava-herculis 8a-10b 11 - 0 30 11rr Hibiscus Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 10a-11 11 7 11111 Holly,Burford or Chinese Ilex cornuta'Burford' 8a 1/ 5-20 11100 Holly,dwarf yaupon Ilex vomitoria'Nana' 8a-10a 11 - 0 5 11100 Holly,Japanese Ilex crenata 8a-9b 11 6 MO Honeysuckle,cape Tecomaria capensis 10b-11 11 6 11111 Inkberry Scaevola plumieri 10a-11 0 4 10000 Jasmine,downy lasminum multiflorum 10b-11 11 5 11100 Jasmine,primrose lasminum mesnyi 8a-10a 11 8 11100 Juniper,Chinese luniperus chinensis 8a-10b 11 6 11111 Kumquat Annona muricata 10a 14 10 1000C Lady-of-the-night Brunfelsia americana 10b-11 11 10 1110C1 Large flowered scrub mint Conradina grandiflora 10a-10b 0 3 11111 Licuala,spiny Licuala spinosa 10b-11 11 12 INN Lyonia,rusty Lyonia ferruginea 8a-10b 0 15 1'1i000 Lyonia,shiny Lyonia lucida 8a 11 -1141 6 111100 Maidenbush Savia bahamensis 10b-11 0 9 I[1100 Mariberry Ardisia escallonioides 10a-11 1111- 11 10-20 1117 Mock orange Philadelphus coronarius 8a-9b 11 12 11111 Myrsine Rapanea punctata 8b-11 11 15 111 Natal plum Carissa macrocarpa 10b-11 0 10 111',. Night-blooming jessamine Cestrum nocturnum 10a-11 11 10 111._ Oakleaf hydrangea Hydrangea quercifolia 8a-9b 0 - 11 8 11111 Oleander Nerium oleander 8a-11 0 15 111_ Oregon grape-holly, Mahonia fortunei 8a-9b 11 5 1::i Chinese hahonia Peregrina latropha integerrima 10b-11 11 8 111 Philodendron Philodendron speciosum 10a-11 14 10 11111 Philodendron,giant-leaf Philodendron giganteum 10a-11 14 10+ 11111 Photinia,red-tip Photinia glabra 8a-9b 14 8 111J_, Pineapple guava Feijoa sellowiana 9a-11 14 - 0 14 111 Pinxter azalea Rhododendron canescens 8a-10a 41 10 111i._ Pipestem Agarista populifolia 8b-9a 11 -1111 10 1 SOIL MOISTURE 0 Dry 11 Moist 4411 Wet LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade 40 Comments , SmaL clue or white Iluweis in spiuiy and;all,snowy golden fruit;poisonous;evergreen;moderate salt;wildlife value Showy pinkish-white flowers in spring and winter;high drought tolerance;evergreen;moderate salt Thorns grow out of trunk;white flowers in spring;deciduous;moderate salt;wildlife value;native Showy flowers,many varieties;needs very fertile soil;evergreen;moderate salt Shiny leaves with spines;good hedge material;white spring flowers,red berries;varieties"Burford"to 20 feet,"Rotunda"just 5 feet tall;evergreen;moderate salt Many varieties with varying sizes and structures;white flowers in spring and summer;female plants have berries;evergreen;low salt;native Good hedge material;prefers acidic soil;evergreen;low salt Needs good drainage;needs frequent pruning to make a shrub;yellow,orange and red flowers in summer and fall;evergreen;moderate salt Groundcover for dunes;evergreen;high salt;native Shrub or vine;white flowers in spring and fall;evergreen;low salt Showy yellow flowers in spring and winter;sprawling shrub for central and north Florida;evergreen;low salt Prefers fertile soil;evergreen;moderate salt Thorny shrub;low salt Showy white flower in spring and fall;evergreen;moderate salt Very drought-tolerant;blue flowers in spring and fall attract insects;needs sandy soil;evergreen;high salt;native Spiny palm;evergreen;low salt Rusty pubescence on leaves;clusters of small urn-shaped white flowers in spring attract insects;likes acidic soil;evergreen;low salt;native Grows in swamps;can sucker;pink urn-shaped flowers in spring attract insects;likes acidic soil;evergreen;moderate salt;native Good hedge material;evergreen;high salt;native Fragrant white flowers in spring and fall,black fruits;tolerates alkaline soil;wildlife value;evergreen;high salt;native Fragrant white spring flowers,exfoliating orange to red-brown bark;needs pruning;deciduous;low salt Shrubby tree;small white spring flowers,small fruits;does well in coastal counties;wildlife value;evergreen;high salt;native Spiny hedge plant;tolerates seasides;fragrant white flowers in spring and fall;large fruit,good for cooking;evergreen;high salt Yellow flowers at night in spring and summer;white fruits and foliage poisonous;evergreen;moderate salt Large panicles of white spring flowers;fall foliage color;prefers acidic soil;deciduous;low salt;native Highly poisonous;drought-tolerant;many flower colors;blooms in spring and fall;wildlife value;evergreen;high salt Spiny;good hedge material;blue-black fruit,yellow fall flowers;winter foliage turns bronze or purple;evergreen;moderate salt Showy red flowers;poisonous;evergreen;moderate salt Enormous leaves;irritant;requires moist,sandy loam soil and shade;evergreen;low salt Enormous leaves;irritant;requires moist,sandy loam soil and shade;evergreen;low salt Good hedge material;white spring flowers;new red growth;prefers rich soil,chilly winters;evergreen;low salt Can be hedge;white or red spring flowers;petals edible,fruit delicious;evergreen;moderate salt Showy fragrant spring flowers appear before leaves in spring;needs acidic soil;deciduous;low salt;native Showy white flowers in spring;likes acidic soil;evergreen;native GROWTH RATE 10000 Slow 1110] Medium Fast *Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference 41 SHRUBS , Florida Soil Mature ,. ,.- Hardiness Moisture Light Size Growth Common Name Scientific Name Range Range* Range* (feet) Rate I Plumbago Plumbogo ouriarlato , 10a-11 , 5 1r; Podocarpus,yew Podocarpus macrophyllus 8a-11 11 -46 35 III'. Poinsettia Poinsettia pulcherrima 9b-11 11 12 111 Pomegranate Punica granatum 8a 6 15 III Red ixora lxora coccinea 10b-11 11 ,* 5 11100 Red powderpuff Calliandra haematocephala 10a-11 11 - 0 e, 15 HE Rose,Cherokee Rosa laevigata 8a-10b 11 ;! 10+ 11100 Rose-of-Sharon Hibiscus syriacus 8a-9b 11 I®- P``~ 10 11111 Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis 9a-11 0 3 11100 Sasanqua camellia Camellia sasanqua 8a-9b 11 15 III Saw palmetto Serenoa repens 8a-11 1111-6 8 100H Schefflera,dwarf Schefflera arboricola 10a-11 0 10 11111 Sea lavender Argusio gnaphalodes 9b-11 0 6 10000 Seagrape Coccoloba uvifera lob-11 11 - 0 20 11100 Silver buttonwood Conocarpus erectus var.sericeus lob-11 1111- 11 35 11100 F Silverthom Elaeagnus pungens 8a 0 - 18 11111 Simpson stopper Myrcianthes fragrans 10a-11 Q 's ' ,1 25 10000 4 Snail seed Cocculus/aurifo/ius 9a-10b 11 r---, ,® 13 11100 Snow bush Breynia disticha 10b-11 11 Y<, -' 6 11100 Snowberry Chiococca alba 9b-11 11 - 0 10 11100 Spanish bayonet Yucca aloifolia 8a-10b 0 14 11100 Sparkleberry Vaccinium arboreum 8a 11 - 0 15 10000 Spicewood Calyptranthes pollens 10b-11 0 15 10000 St.John's wort Hypericum reductum 8a-9b 0 1 10000 Swamp mallow,red hibiscus Hibiscus coccineus 8a-10b 1111- 11 6-8 11100 Sweet olive Osmanthus fragrans 8a-9b 11 20 11100 Sweet pepperbush Clethra alnifolis 8a-9a 1111- 11 20 10000 Sweet shrub Calycanthus floridus 8a-10a 11 10 11100 Sweetspire,Virginia ltea virginica 8a-11 11 -1111 . '<', :fie. 7 11100 Tallow-wood Ximenia americans 9a-10b 0 AO- 8 1100 Tetrazygia Tetrazygia bicolor 10b-11 0 sue. -i', 10 11100 Texas sage Leucophyllum frutescens 8a-10b 11 5 10000 Thryallis Galphimia gracilis 10b-11 11 5 11100 Thunberg spiraea Spiraea thunbergii 8a-8b 11 5 11100 Thyme Thymus vulgaris 8a-11 6 1.5 11100 SOIL MOISTURE 0 Dry 11 Moist 1111 Wet LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade 4 ♦4 ,, Comments Showy fragrant blue or white flowers in spring and fat;irritant;mineral deficiency on alkaline soil;evergreen;moderate salt Invasive;gets scales and sooty mold;needs pruning;evergreen;moderate salt Irritant;gets leggy;red,pink or white blooms in winter;needs well-drained,fertile soil;evergreen;low salt Does better in low humidity;may sucker;needs well-drained soil,pH 5.5 to 7.0;deciduous;low salt Showy flowers in yellow,red or pink;requires well-drained,fertile soil,likes acidic soil;evergreen;moderate salt Red or white flowers in winter;likes sandy soil;evergreen;low salt Thorny stems,large fragrant spring flowers in pink or white;climbs;requires moist,well-drained soil,likes sandy soil;evergreen;low salt Many colors;blooms in spring and fall;needs very fertile soil;deciduous;low salt Aromatic;high salt Not finicky about drainage;showy fragrant flowers in fall;likes acidic soil;evergreen;low salt Slow-growing;doesn't transplant;tolerates severe pruning;very drought-tolerant;wildlife value;evergreen;high salt;native Evergreen;moderate salt Good coastal plant;endangered;white flowers in winter and spring,silvery-gray foliage;evergreen;high salt;native Good coastal plant;edible fruit;dinner plate-sized leaves;spreading;evergreen;high salt;wildlife value;native Good coastal plant;silver-blue or green foliage,purple or white flowers;evergreen;high salt;native Thorny;fragrant brown flowers;doesn't like alkaline soil;evergreen;high salt Interesting bark,white flowers;wildlife value;evergreen;high salt;native Thorny hedge or shrub;tiny yellow flowers in spring;poisonous leaves;evergreen;low salt White spring flowers;evergreen;low salt Grows in hammocks,woods and shell areas;fragrant yellow flowers;evergreen;high salt;native Spine-tipped leaves;white flowers in spring and fall;excellent drought tolerance;likes sandy soil;wildlife value;evergreen;high salt Seedy,blueberry-like fruit in early fall;likes acidic soil;wildlife value;deciduous;low salt;native Rare south Florida plant;white flowers in spring and fall;good hedge material;evergreen;moderate salt;native Likes moist,sandy soil;evergreen Perennial;large red flowers in spring and summer;likes wet soil;low salt;native Intensely fragrant white flowers in fall and winter;likes sandy soil;evergreen;low salt Good hedge plant;showy white flowers in spring and summer;likes acidic soil;wildlife value;deciduous;low salt;native Showy fragrant flowers,aromatic leaves;deciduous;low salt;native Can sucker;fall color;tassels of tiny fragrant white flowers in spring;evergreen;low salt;native Prefers sandy soil;evergreen;low salt;native Good hedge material;white spring flowers and attractive foliage;evergreen;moderate salt;native Hedge material;gray-green foliage,lavender spring flowers;will die if overwatered;evergreen;moderate salt Showy yellow flowers in summer and fall;evergreen;moderate salt White winter flowers;requires well-drained,loamy soil;evergreen;low salt Plant in fall,winter or spring and re-plant every 3 or 4 years;low salt GROWTH RATE I Slow III I Medium IIIlI Fast *Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference 43 Florida Soil Mature Hardiness Moisture Light Size Growth Common Name Scientific Name Range Range* Range* (feet) Rate Ti plant Col dyline terminalis 10b-11 5 I1;, Tibouchina Tibouchina clavata 10b-11 6 111 Titi Cyrilla racemiflora 8a-9a i➢rm io d- too 20 10 Torchwood Amyris elemifera 10b-11 11 - '; 15 111 Tropical sea oxeye daisy Borrichia arborescens 10a-11 3 IIIpO Tropical snowflake Trevesia palmata 10b 11 15 11109 Turk's-cap Molvaviscus arboreus 9a-11 J 7 11111 Two-winged silverbell Halesia diptera 8a-8b 11 30 11111 Varnish leaf Dodonaea viscosa 9a-11 11- 0 6 10001 Viburnum,sandankwa Viburnum suspensum 8a-10b 11 6 11100 Viburnum,sweet Viburnum odoratissimum 8a-10b 11 8 1110'I Viburnum,Walter's Viburnum obovatum 8a-10a 1111- k 20 11111 Wax myrtle,southern bayberry Myrica cerifera 8a-11 1111- 1 20 11100 White indigo berry Randia aculeata 10a-11 11- ( 8 10000 Wild coffee Psychotria nervosa 10a 11 5 11111 Wild hydrangea Hydrangea arborescens 8a 11 5 11101 Wild rosemary Conradina canescens 9a-9b O 4 11100 Wild sage,buttonsage Lantana involucrata 10a 0 6 11111 Yellow anise fl/icium parviflorum 9a-9b 1111 15 11100 Yellow necklace pod Sophora tomentosa var.truncata 10a-11 0 8 Ilidli Yesterday-today-and-tomorrow, Brunfelsia grandiflora 10b-11 11 8 11100 morning-noon-and-night SOIL MOISTURE Dry 18 Moist 1111 Wet LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade • .ym ram` : . - 4 + s it 4: 7, 111) American beautyberry Sweet olive Callicaipa americans Osmanthus fragrans 44 N Y S i 4 Comments • °`,`rk ` ie1. `':0,' Showy fragrant white flowers in fall;shrub or tree;evergreen;moderate salt Showy purple flowers in spring and fall;hairy leaves;straggly growth;evergreen;low salt Pendulous white flowers in spring and summer attract insects;likes acidic soil;evergreen;native White flowers;wildlife value;evergreen;high salt;native Good coastal plant;showy yellow flowers in spring and summer;evergreen;high salt;native New leaves resemble snowflakes;white spring flowers;needs fertile,slightly acidic soil;evergreen;low salt Red flowers in spring and fall;wildlife value;evergreen;low salt Showy white flowers in fall;deciduous;native Shiny leaves,white spring flowers;showy,winged fruit;evergreen;high salt;native Hedge material;white or pink flowers in spring;vulnerable to nematodes;evergreen;low salt Hedge material;white spring flowers;evergreen;low salt Informal hedges,may form thickets;upright or spreading forms;showy white flowers in spring,red to black edible berries;wildlife value;deciduous;low salt;native Good hedge material in full sun;can root-sucker;berries;likes moisture;wildlife value;evergreen;high salt;native Spiny,dense plant;fragrant small white flowers;female has white berries;evergreen;high salt;native Needs moisture;white flowers in spring and summer,small fruits;evergreen;wildlife value;moderate salt;native Rare;low salt Aromatic foliage;small lavender flowers in spring;excellent drought tolerance;likes sandy soil;wildlife value;evergreen;moderate salt;native White flowers;needs sandy soil;wildlife value;evergreen;moderate salt;native Distinctive yellow flowers in spring,fragrant foliage;rare;evergreen;low salt;native Showy yellow flowers;poisonous;evergreen;high salt;native Showy purple flowers with white centers;evergreen;moderate salt GROWTH RATE E Slow AAn Medium P"""" Fast ''Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference , - It 1.14.* - -:- itimihr lir '1 r, Florida-anise It . • lllicium floridanum . _11 . s , �' Plumbago tr` � ;, --t ree-, i. Plumbago our/a/iota �.; .* ' " . .,:' . - +.:T le-' , 45 II ' . . .....„ . SHRUBS ,..., -'4•::- . , .' - ‘,-; ....; i..„.4.4, ..-..,• r'' 'E. -,,,!•'• 1 • • .'N'•••• ' • -.- .\:, .,'....,-, ..'''''. , . 'i. 1 , ., - ' • ,.. . - - k •.• .t, .. - -es e.te Ah4 .v •-...`..,01 /1' , '. 's ,'..-'4. ...g., "-:r1-;'4- ',.' ' .. 0 - • '1" 1-. ---- --- ' -N It?"*,&,4 ilk. • .•*v.:.... ..?:it. . '0, .' • ...."''.,''':"•'''10-• :. .r.‘-'idri?4 -;,,,,r0 -'"'..,,•••• .,,,,,Aptit...L.. ir•-• .'. --. 11'..., ',;,- ' - . ''' , • • . ,i-, ..„ •Aii- 4.-ic. , r. le. , - • • i, — 43,-.-• it .0 ''. le- • ` • :,. e'.-..._.. -•'„,_ tt- zv .. ... .• • • •.•4. . -\ • 4101* .-.*` itAIII40•16.,.- --,-41•14:41.1111}4,•14 _ :4 latak'' . , ... • ... -- 41 - . ,..ilt• • . •1 ft4011 • ,..0 . - - 4-0. .4101ic tikii:s Iv, • , 4 --`4• C 'i ' .7*''.. '. `.0-' et , , ./„Iik • ,,....0—,) , , .- . ,.si.• ., , ,....•1.1. 41 A'11% , ir it• .ale. .•.,*".. tk IP • •# ,11.„0.,., 0 .. 4,0-1. ...,..‘, .. ,..... .h. • . . j''. 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' ' -- ' ' - ••• '' ‘`'‘. n• '-et• "..,:t• .4 ell;. '- ' ‹.,-- ,.. ,•,;,,,,,t•,, 41,..,3'., ob. sipikw.11,-",,..,... ,', ... •"., r'-' .. , . • •• . . . s...ii ',..• ' P N • -,:•-. .. * ,., -. , .. .4., ... '110,..vi Simpson stopper -*if - ', a'7.' ;• , . *a*.: ... Myrcianthes fragrans --7z:- ' ,---- -**-,.` ..••mr VigIF )0 ..• T.4 4.111. 44 , .4' . •''It .•,• ••\ 4..... ••,,,,,,.4i., :.,„ -..... .. ., r , ,• , „ „ , • ...i.-.- ,, •• ,- ii, .\ - •41,, - --- ,, s . . •r, • * . . . .':: • ' . ,, Firebush . -- 7/0 Hamelin patens -".. Allillftwo°''' 'el• ' • e4i % , ,-. ..A.,+).,;' '.- r, :!,.. I. . -; .. ,' ,.• - • ,.. -,• • . •, 40. ....a;r.,.., •.....,„ , .•,,i,,, . . .,:.,,,- . :,-. . . , )v..„„.,,.,.. ...,,. - . .-..., ...,- . •••• . te n . 6,,,•:-- ,r, • 1, ...-.-,- -•kt-, ,:-.‘•,.. •-"'"'. .s.,it•A , — , i• ',4 4: l'' `'` , .• ,7..'Seagrape ' y% ,i -,.,'. '- -, -- 4-N---- •* , i; • , , ...,_ • - - , - . ' , .\1 , ..-.••,:, :. Coccoloba uvifera .....,,, • v.. ..\:-: . , ,_ • :-_ . " ... •,44,._!",',, '. . i, „,..,,,,,i ..,,,,.. . .. . . , • ,, • - -, . ... - •---A,', ,t- ' ‘,. • '1 ,-, , 4 \ ' . • . Coral bean - i''• •4414. s•,,,i 7 - , •1 '.1,gi •' triti. .'.O./ •.• . '%• l' Eiythrina herbacea r4.4., /4• - - . t\c:..••s„ • N '' *;`'---tr\ - t‘—,s- N . • ---- ••• rtiiir. . 1 " ''‘`,-.•••-• •...\* \ '.'0--- . 46 • , - -a .4 :.‘ s f... • .. , - • t. " ..* ‘41111 !....* • 1 ',big--' - i. git . ' 4' f 4-' •' % -aliil --• .eilla—laSt1). s t Buttonbush r '>:Ale;' W Cephalanthus occi(lc sit uli.s y ` ty.. � Firecracker plant , y. ;\ - Ruesselia equisetiformis a 'I ' - r s Marlbeny = ' y Ardisia escallonioides tift t.' 1 , -- ,..ors' '�, c41� s. 'r ._'...,-, .' r-t.:6 C4 O);i.,:l N J' LiN, /`., ,...)0A'f �;,: -• ,,,,. Arbor-vitae,Oriental 1 ` ar Plptycladus orientolis '!' '" ,.• ik .lr+, 1� t ,f 'ih r e ,.rr..,',. itfit,eIiifi,„l ii••4 i.t'..„.,1,/.1,14' •itr ',,•,, ,stf• ,. , . .. . . ,• (--., .i i.t c.•,.i1•.1:,,,,.,, .... :, r,.' #7.1, .�'� y� f •'�, 1 7{{� ��' � ,fir ( '` . ;: 'F,, `�`'u�y f 1 l „' t ",,,.,,,.,., Ylk • '1m• -(. �t,:;o. f.r 41 , ,. 1 I S4, It I, Ili 1�,or, ;:if,.. - '1 'r If ,,) d!� I. ' ar,i,�I I.l S ', r 1� 'I i r, r r a . . I I • •,Ilil ,( • •if'•I =f t^(,1IR1.r. i ill ' I', .:�f� � t1 1t '1 L r j„/ d r�k ij, t /j�1�yj �r ,q ` ^4 f 11 It f NI ( 1fiA'. c* ' '` W�. T.4. •,1 41' ' ,;alit ,s. '� 1,t rill.. ,:' , , �14 },�,. ./NI r , *,I ih`! � :'k yy�y' y ,' 1 J r f �� 1 k "5►t iv Irk - t''/1 wn.Fiv, , , 17 {t• > , •�••'` ;, :,, •1 t >•• rid sr r,lt tit, 1 ,`1r ip+k3 • A}�1,,, ' . ( i ."rt • r et+fP n. • ++ p�• i r i� ':Pt( 1 ,• , 1 I I , '' • r R t`(`,a++� i •, , ,. `•fit GROUNDCOVERS Florida Soil Mature Hardiness Moisture Light Size Growth Common Name Scientific Name Range Range* Range* (feet) Rate Adam's needle Yucca hlamentosa 8a-9b 0 3 1lilU Agapanthus Agapanthus africanus 9a-11 0— 11 2 WO Aloe Aloe vera(=A.barbadensis) 10a-11 0 1.5 IDDOO Artillery plant Pilea microphylla 10b-11 1111— 0 c?--_, ,l 1 MOO Asparagus-fern,'Myers' Asparagus aethiopicus'Myers' 10a-11 11 c2 -,' 2 11100 Bahia grass Paspalum notatum 8a-11 0— 11 10, 2 11IOO Beach morning glory 1pomoea imperati(=I.stolonifera) 8-10b 0 1ia, 0.5 11111 Bean,beach Canavalia maritimo(=C r-osea) 10b-11 0 ;4. 0.5 11111 Begonia Begonia spp. 10b-11 0—11 ""N, 2 11100 Bermuda grass Cynodon dactylon 8a-11 0 tR 0.5 IIIHO Bird's nest fern Aspleniunt nidus 10b-11 11 i2`\, r `. 2.5 1110D Bitter panicgrass Panicum amarum 8a-9b 0 g' 3.5 11111 Blue porterweed Stachytarpheta jamaicensis 9a-11 1111— 0 `--: 1.5 11100 Blue-eyed grass Sisyrinchium angustifolium 8a-11 1111- 11 e' 0.5 h iOO Broomsedge Andropogon virginicus var.glaucus 8a-10a 11 41e. 3-5 11111 Cast-iron plant Aspidistra elatior 9a-11 0— 11 -:=.,. 9_. 2 lEE101 Centipede grass Eremochloa ophiuroides 8a-8b 11— 0 r' 0.5 I11O0 Cinnamon fern Osmunda cinnamomea 8a-11 1111- 11 4 MP Coleus Coleus x hybridus 10b-11 11 ! 2 11111 Coontie Zamia pumila 8b-11 0— 11 2 1O[1O11 Daylily Hemerocams hybrids 8a-10b 0—11 2 111111 False heather Cuphea hyssopifolia 9b-11 11 — 0 1.5 1111111 Fancyleaved caladium Caladium x hortulanum 9a-11 11 r''', 1.5 MOO Fig,creeping Ficus pumila 10a-11 11 — 0 NA 11111 Fountain grass Penniseturn setaceum 8-11 11 ifl 3 MOO Giant leather fern Acrostichum danaeifolium 9a-11 1111- 11 8 IllOO Giant sword fern Nephrolepis biserrata 10b-11 11-1114 !'"'; %"'_, 4 MOO Ginger,butterfly Hedychium coronarium 9a-11 1111- 11 i'''' 5 11111 Ginger,peacock Kaempferia spp. 10b-11 11 z"�. e--,, 0.5 IIIOO Ginger,shell Alpinia zerumbet 10a-11 11 8 11111 Golden creeper Ernodea littoralis 10b-11 0 - 2 11100 Gopher apple Licania michauxii 8a-11 0 r,s 1 10000 Holly fern Cyrtomium falcatum 9a-11 11 ` , !!-.- 1.5 INN Holly,dwarf yaupon Ilex vomitoria'Shellings' 8a-10a 1111— 0 E'`: 2-5 MOO Ivy,Algerian Hedera canariensis 8-10b 0— 11 NA 11111 SOIL MOISTURE 0 Dry 46 Moist 44111 Wet LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade Comments Leaf margins fray;large showy white flower spikes every few years;depends on yucca moth for pollination;likes sandy soil;moderate salt;native Herbaceous;short-lived in south Florida;showy blue and white flowers;low salt Succulent,fleshy leaves;yellow winter flowers;sap soothes burns and cuts;looks good in rock gardens;high salt Herbaceous;'Stoplight'most colorful cultivar;can escape cultivation;low salt;native Herbaceous;red berries,spine-tipped leaves;moderate salt Low-maintenance turf grass Showy flowering vine;purple or white flowers;good coastal herbaceous plant;poisonous;good drought tolerance;likes sandy soil;moderate salt;native Herbaceous perennial;a widespread,vining dune plant;purple flowers;needs sandy soil;high salt;native Perennial;needs good drainage;succulent star-shaped leaves,pink flowers,green and purple foliage;low salt Drought-tolerant turf grass;good for sandy soil;wildlife value;high salt Can be epiphytic;likes acidic soil;low salt Bluish leaves;good for stabilizing dunes;bunchgrass;high salt;native Herbaceous;blue flowers;wildlife value;high salt;native Herbaceous;lovely blue flowers;native Bunchgrass;good drought tolerance;grows in moist,acidic to neutral sandy soil;moderate salt;native Herbaceous;deep-shade-and drought-tolerant;likes sandy soil;moderate salt Turf grass;likes acidic soil;wildlife value;low salt Cinnamon-colored spike bloom;native Herbaceous;multicolored leaves;not drought-tolerant;likes fertile,well-drained soil;low salt Cycad;produces a red cone;highly toxic fruit and leaves;wildlife value;high salt;native Herbaceous;showy colorful flowers;yellow,pink,orange flowers in spring,summer and fall;high salt Woody shrub;winter diebacks in north Florida;white and pink flowers;low salt Herbaceous;arrowhead-shaped multicolored leaves,green spring flower;low salt Vine attaches to masonry and climbs trees;irritant;green spring blooms;moderate salt Bunchgrass;green and purple foliage,pink and purple flowers;can escape;low salt Huge leaves;good in wet areas;high salt;native Can form a dense groundcover in shady,moist areas;low salt;native Perennial herb;fragrant white flowers in spring;moderate salt Herbaceous;green to purple leaves,spotted or striped;dies back November-December;white,pink and purple flowers;low salt Herbaceous;dark green foliage,white and yellow flowers on canes;blooms in spring and winter;moderate salt Rare;likes sandy soil;evergreen;high salt;native Woody;edible fruits,white flowers;thrives in very well drained soil;high salt;evergreen;native Prefers moist,shady area;glossy green foliage;likes acidic soil;moderate salt Woody shrub;dwarf variety forms smooth,rounded bushes;white spring flowers;likes sandy soil;high salt;wildlife value;evergreen;native Vine;can be invasive;irritant,poisonous;white spring and summer flowers;moderate salt GROWTH RATE Slow HI Medium 11111 Fast 'Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference 49 GROUNDCOVERS Florida Soil Mature Hardiness Moisture Light Size Growth Common Name Scientific Name Range Range* Range* (feet) Rate Ivy,English Hedera helix 8a-9b - 1t NA 11111 Jasmine,dwarf Confederate Trachelospermum asiaticum 8a-10b 11 0.5 Ill[[ Juniper,Japanese garden Juniperus procumbens 8a-10b 11 - O 2 1000 Juniper,Parson Juniperus chinensis'Parsonii 8-10b O- 11 2 III[[ Juniper,Pftizer Juniperus chinensis'Pftizeriana' 8a-10b 11 - O 6 HET Juniper,shore Juniperus conferta 8a-10a O- 11 2 III[[ Leather leaf fern Rumohra adiantiformis 10a-11 11 °'` 2 III[[ Lily turf Liriope spp. 8a-10b O- 11 - 1 fl•;]L Lopsided Indiangrass Sorghastrum secundum 8a-11 11 - O 4 IH[ Maidencane Panicum hemitomon 8a-11 1111- O A-- 2 IWO Mangrove spider lily Hymenocallis latifolia 8a-10b 11 -1111 fk 3 11I[[ Mondo grass Ophiopogon japonicus 8-10b O- 11 0.5 111[i Muhly grass Muhlenbergia capillaris 8a-11 /111- 0 4 Ill[[ Pampas grass Cortaderia selloana 8a-11 0- 11 6 111[[ Periwinkle Catharanthus roseus 10b-11 11 - 0 1.5 11IQ[ Porcupine grass Miscanthus sinensis 8a-9a 11 - 0 O 6 11111 Powderpuff Mimosa strigilloso 8a-9b 11 0.5 11111 Purple lovegrass Eragrostis spectabilis 8a-9b O-/111 -i' 2.5 luE Purple queen Tradescantia pal/ida 8a-10a // - 0 ', /r- 1 11111 Quailberry Crossopetalum ilicifolium 10b-11 0 e 2 III[[ • Railroad vine /pomoea pes-caprae 9a-11 0 -e.- 0.5 11111 River oats Chasmanthium latifolium 8a 11 -11/1 2 111[1 Royal fern Osmunda regalis 8a-10b 1111 `_,: 5 HE] Saltgrass Distichlis spicata 8-11 1/11- 11 0 1.5 luII[L Saltmeadow cord grass Spartina patens 8a-9b O-1111 2 HE Sand cord grass,switchgrass Spartina bakeri 8a-11 O-1111 -41- 3-6 HE1i1[ Sea oats Uniola paniculota 8a-11 O 4 W[[ Sea purslane Sesuvium portulacastrum 9-10b 0 1-3 hII[J Seashore dropseed Sporobolus virginicus 8a-11 0-1111 1 III[[ Seashore paspalum Paspalum vaginatum 8-11 4444 2 11101 Shrubverbena Lantana depressa 10b-11 l) - 1.5 111f0 Smooth cord grass Spartina alterniflora 8a-11 1111- 0 *.- 4 III[[ Smooth water-hyssop Bacopa monnieri 8a-11 1111 ;i- 0.5 111H Snowberry,pineland Chiococca alba(=C pinetorum) 10b-11 11 - 0 ,., 2.5 I[[[[ Society garlic Tulbaghia violacea 10a-11 11 1.5 WO SOIL MOISTURE a Dry 66 Moist 6666 Wet LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade Comments Vine;takes over;rootlets scar masonry;moderate salt Vine;forms a thick mat;invades surrounding areas;yellow or white flowers;evergreen;moderate salt Conifer;'Nana'is a slow-growing dwarf cultivar,'Variegata'has yellow and green foliage;good in sandy soil;moderate salt Low-growing conifer;gray-green foliage;needs well-drained soil conditions;moderate salt Conifer;grows best in north Florida;looks best on fertile,well-drained soil,likes sandy soil;moderate salt Blue-green conifer;high salt Dark green,leathery leaves used for cut foliage;moderate salt Herbaceous;forms dense clumps;intolerant of foot traffic;foliage yellows in sun,tips may burn from soil salts;many cultivars available;purple,white,pink or blue flowers;moderate salt Tall bunchgrass;likes sandy soil;wildlife value;moderate salt;native Spreading grass;excellent drought tolerance;dune stabilizer and lawngrass;high salt;native Herbaceous;showy fragrant flowers attractive to large hawkmoths;white spring flowers;native Herbaceous;damaged by foot traffic;white or purple flowers;avoid alkaline soil;moderate salt Bunchgrass;mixes well with wildflowers;lovely purple plumes in fall;good in alkaline to neutral soil;wildlife value;high salt;native Bunchgrass;likes dry conditions;sharp serrations on leaves;grows in large clumps;tolerates a wide soil range;moderate salt Herbaceous;can be invasive;freezes back in north Florida;white,purple or pink flowers;good in dry sandy or coastal sites;high salt Variegated leaves;gets rust but it goes away;silvery gold flowers in spring and fall;likes sandy soil Herbaceous;fern-like leaves,sensitive to touch;lovely,interesting,similar to exotic Schrankia microphylla;has thorns;pink flowers in spring and summer;native Bunchgrass;purple flowers in spring and fall,purple fall plumes;likes dry areas with high pH;wildlife value;low salt;native Herbaceous;sprawling,open growth;invasive;will tolerate poor sites;high salt Shrublike,spiny;red fruit,rare red flowers;evergreen;wildlife value;low salt;native Creeping,flowering dune vine;poisonous;purple flowers in spring and fall;likes sandy soil;high salt;native Bunchgrass;fruits as lovely as sea oats;wildlife value;low salt;native Large leaves;likes acidic soil;low salt;native Warm-season perennial grass;likes sandy soil;high salt;native Spreading grass;likes sandy soil;moderate salt;native Robust perennial bunchgrass of salt marshes and dunes;high salt;native Protected grass species;excellent for dunes;flower and seed heads are distinctive;high salt;wildlife value;native Herbaceous;succulent beach wildflower;pink flowers;likes sandy soil;high salt;native Bunchgrass;coastal plant;wildlife value;high salt;native Coastal grass;dune stabilizer;makes a thin lawn;high salt;native Perennial;excellent drought tolerance;hybridizes freely with Lantana camara;yellow flowers;prefers sandy soil;high salt;native Herbaceous;coastal,salt-tolerant spreading grass;wildlife value;high salt;native Herbaceous;flowering groundcover for wet areas;white or pink flowers;high salt;native Vining shrub with attractive white flowers;grows on shell areas;evergreen;low salt;native Herbaceous;garlic-scented purple flowers in spring,summer and fall;doesn't bloom well in shade;moderate salt GROWTH RATE Slow Medium Fast . *Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference 51 GROUNDCOVERS Florida Soil Mature Hardiness Moisture Light Size Growth Common Name Scientific Name Range Range' Range* (feet) Rate Southern shield fern The/ypteris kunthii 8a-10b 1111- 11 2.5 III.' St.Augustine grass Stenotaphrum secundatum 8a-11 - 0.5 IIIII St.John's wort,Atlantic Hypericum reductum 8a-9b 1.5 II[,; Strawberry Fragaria chiloensis 8a-9b 1 III String-lily Crinum americanum 8a-11 1111- 10 1.5 flhiL Sunflower,beach Helianthus debilis 8a-10b - 1.5 11111 Swamp fern Blechnum serrulatum 9a-11 1111 2 III ' Walking iris Neomarica spp. 10b-11 11 -1111 3 III_, Wandering Jew Tradescantia pendula 8a-10a - 0.5 lUIlI Wild petunia Ruellia caroliniensis 8a-11 - 1-3 III Wiregrass Aristida beyrichiana 8a-10a G w, - 2-3 HI Zoysiagrass Zoysia japonica 8a-11 11 - 0.5 I Ir f, SOIL MOISTURE ('', Dry *A Moist Wet LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade �� � ^ +�,'� al te4'4 T"5"' .r .. 4 Periwinkle Saltmeadow cord grass Catharanthus roseus Spartina patens • �` , • . 1' mil, Il Ilk1. , -•fin+. •k'evrrV� •-"' a ,,s < g !1 r ti t�fa�r;� y� v' '�; t,, � I r `! � _ � r • F ,, J �.ttict. ,, �• 4n ;p I k�T ltA L - L'- i�i \ /o .! '.. ;E `, 1. t t",y r r :rj"' • �fT94l1'J4 r. .0. k-, •i '1 M .C� -.l.,. i' , .,'.„._.__•..•.,-.4 w3. .,'Y"s T.-4°<o* 3.. ;•ie s'('' Powderpuff „' `t d- . ., _1a ,,,c ',, Mimosa strigillosa \ l by 01L. -.,.Y,w'`My,..f'^_ -"t �" _R Lyy ; .'4 ,c 'fsaa.i -_ /i x Sea oats Uniola paniculata 57 Grows on rocks and in shade;likes alkaline soil;low salt;native Turf grass;high salt;native Also called scrubwort;herbaceous;reclining,bushy-branched flowering shrub;likes sandy soil;small yellow flowers in spring and summer;high salt;evergreen;native Vulnerable to pests;low salt Herbaceous;forms solid cover in wet areas;fragrant white flower in spring and summer;poisonous;likes sandy soil;high salt;native Herbaceous annual or perennial in south Florida;showy yellow flowers;very drought-tolerant;good for dunes and sunny spots;likes sandy soil;high salt;native Likes shady,moist areas and acidic soil;low salt;native Herbaceous;blue,yellow or white flowers in spring;flower lasts one day;low salt Herbaceous;doesn't tolerate foot traffic;invasive;low salt Semi-woody;good for shady areas;pale blue flowers in spring and summer;low salt;native Bunchgrass;flowers following fire;ideal for mixing with wildflowers in dry areas;wildlife value;native Grass;high salt IligGROWTH RATE Slow Medium Fast *Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference � . V,ii- „,„ tilli141e- s , .. ____.....: i„,. .,... m.....„...„..._ J.., A ::,......„, „,...____. ,.... s 'N 4 ,\ N -/ i . ki . -, •.., , iii• 1 •441it,ii- ,. -,- / .16. . ,.. .- ,,-, ,,, ' ' fr ‘;'. # 'el : t • .. . ,,-...ve,:., Lily turf g%; . Liriopespp• 't 2'< 'o 14;, �'*' /- . , 1xf Juniper b , . d3f � + t Juniperus spp• 4 lir& ..... .�.1 6..• ,". • •. " yYBr to �,�l 7 cet+�' � \\�'.. 4 �' \. ;;;j;e t iii yit' Ir. } `\"' `mil! ` ri ,f? l 0 r / i� , * . r Socie garlic' - • . , • ' ' ,,,,,...',,.i. Tulbag is violacea / 53 Florida Soil Hardiness Moisture Light Growth Common Name Scientific Name Range Range* Range* Rate 1 Allamanda,yellow Allamanda cat/art/ca 9b-11 AyUmu Bleeding heart Clerodendrum thomsoniae 8a-11 0 — 1/ ` 11111 Bougainvillea Bougainvillea spectabilis 9b-11 0 -* 11111 Bower vine Pandorea jasminoides 10b-11 66 0 11111 Brazilian golden vine Stigmaphyllon littorale 9b-11 /6 - - -i`, 11111 Bridal bouquet Stephonotis floribunda 10b-11 11 FM Ceriman Monstera deliciosa 10a-11 16 ,"' - UN Coral honeysuckle Lonicera sempervirens 8a-10 11 — 0 %'`, 4ii 11111 Corky-stem passion flower Passiflora suberosa 9b-11 0 - �- -, 11111 Crossvine Bignonia carpeolata 8a-11 11 — 0 to a'--. 11111 Grape,Blue Lake Vitis smolliana labrusca 8a-11 16 ; , 1[]Q[j(]—11111 Grape,Lake Emerald Vitis simpsoni/abrusca 8a-11 61 1000[— 11111 Grape,muscadine Vitis rotundifolia 8a-11 16 -&- MO- 11111 Herald's-trumpet Beaumontia grandiflora 10a-11 11 s, 11111 Incense passion flower Passiflora x'incense' 9a-11 66 — a 11111 Mandevilla Mandeville spp. 9b-11 11 11111 Mangrove rubber vine Rhabdadenia biflora 10a-11 16 - U 4„- 10000 Morning glory /pomoea pes-caprae 9b-11 0 � 11111 Passion flower Passiflora incarnate 8a-10 0 - 11 ;i*- =®`':_; 11111 Purple passion flower Passiflora edulis 9b-11 11 — 0 11111 Queens wreath Petrea volubilis 10a-11 11 11100 Scarlet passion flower Passiflora coccinea 10a-11 11 — a) 11111 Trumpet vine Campsis radicans 8a-9 11 — U 11111 Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia 8a-11 61 — 6^f 11111 White thunbergia Thunbergia fragrans 9b-11 41 11111 Wisteria,American Wisteria frutescens 8a-9a 11 111'JD Yellow jessamine Gelsemium sempervirens 8a-11 61 — O 11111 SOIL MOISTURE Dry Moist Wet LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade 4 r . . . I . rip r t ;' j . Incense passion flower Coral honeysuckle Coral honeysuckle Passiflora x'incense' Lonicera sempervirens Lonicera sempervirens 54 •Comments Requires support;can get leggy;poisonous milky sap;fragrant large flowers;susceptible to magnesium deficiency;low salt;evergreen Named for its flowers;susceptible to nematode damage;killed to ground by freezes;low salt;evergreen Rambling;very drought-resistant;blooms on new growth;thorny;medium salt;evergreen White flowers with pink throats;protect from wind;prefers rich,fertile soil;medium salt;evergreen Small flower clusters;requires support to climb;needs little care once established;low salt;evergreen Fragrant,waxy flowers;low salt;evergreen Edible fruit with pineapple-banana taste;large leaves,variegated varieties available;not frost-tolerant low salt;evergreen Also known as trumpet honeysuckle;tubular flowers attract butterflies and hummingbirds;red fall berries;wildlife value;medium salt;evergreen;native Older vines have deeply grooved,corky stems;tiny flowers,small purple fruits;great variation in leaf shape;wildlife value;medium salt evergreen;native Climbs by tendrils and adhesive disks;large,long-throated flowers;cross sections of stems are cross-shaped;low salt;evergreen;native Grows slowly at first;many varieties;disease-resistant;blue fruit in mid-July;deciduous;low salt Grows slowly at first;many varieties;disease-resistant;blue fruit in mid-July;deciduous;low salt Grows slowly at first;many varieties;disease-resistant;self-fertile;purple fruit in August;deciduous;low salt;native Large,heavy vine requires strong support;low salt;evergreen Showy flowers are self-sterile;low salt;wildlife value;evergreen Trumpet-shaped flowers with darker throats;cold-sensitive;medium salt;evergreen White flower with yellow throat;related to oleander;high salt;evergreen;native Beach dune pioneer;can be trained over a trellis;high salt;evergreen;native Also called may pop and apricot vine;will sucker some distance away;dies back to ground after freeze;large showy flowers,large edible fruit;wildlife value;low salt deciduous;native Subtropical species;tolerates cool periods and slight frosts for short time;many varieties available;edible fruit;wildlife value;low salt;evergreen Woody vine;persistent showy flower;used in south Florida as wisteria substitute;prefers rich,sandy soil;low salt;evergreen Exotic bright flowers;more tropical than P.edulis,heavily damaged by nematodes;vigorous vine requires strong support;low salt;wildlife value;evergreen Also known as cow itch vine;mild skin irritant;may become invasive;low salt;deciduous;native Also called woodbine;5 leaflets distinguish it from poison ivy;purple fruit;climbs by adhesive pads which may mark painted or wooden surfaces;low salt;wildlife value;deciduous;native Also known as sky flower and Bengal clock vine;large flowers with white throats;vigorously aggressive;low salt;evergreen Small leaves and flowers;suited to small areas;grows best in north Florida;low salt;deciduous;native All parts are poisonous;can be trained to grow on trellis or fence;low salt;evergreen;native GROWTH RATE Slow Medium P Fast '"Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference Passion flower Possifloro incarnata • froo F — ,.v'� i I � r_ 4.F/'i-�') Virginia creeper ^— .r- Porthenocissus quinquefolia ::r '. ' l i_ 4 F.' , s ,, ,.., > ' ,M • �����///jam ifr, ._. . . . , 1 FLOWERS Florida Soil Mature Hardiness Moisture Light Size Growth Common Name Scientific Name Range Range* Range* (feet) Rate Agapanthus Agapanthus africanus 9b-11 11- O ;* -< 2 11100 Ageratum Ageratum houstonianum 8a-11 11 - O 1 11111 Amaryllis Hippeastrum hybrids 8a-9b 11 ;tl, ''` 2 11100 Annual garden phlox Phlox drummondii 8a-11 O- 11 `B, -e-`=: 0.5 11111 Aster,golden Pityopsis graminifolio 8a-11 O- 11 �` 41 3 11100 Aster,Stokes Stokesia laevis 8a-11 11 - 0 1 11100 Atamasco-lily Zephyranthes atamascao 8b-11 11 -1111 -?---. + 2 10000 Beardtongue,white Penstemon multiflorus 8a-11 0 3 10000 Begonia,wax Begonia x semperflorens-cultorum 8a-11 11 - 0 =CS -,ji- 1 11100 Bird-of-paradise Strelitzia reginae 9a-11 11 ,A, /.'-, 4 FR Black-eyed Susan Rudbeckia hirta 8a-11 11 NP; 3 11100 Blanket flower Gaillardia pulchella 8a-11 O iD 2 11111 Blazing star Liatris spicata 8a-11 11- 0 -,Id; -``- 3 1110H • Blue curls Trichostema dichotomum 8a-11 11 - O 40 2 11111 Blue porterweed Stachytarpheta jamaicensis 9b-11 0 1.5 11111 Blue twinflower Dyschoriste oblongifolia 8b-11 O 0.5 11111 Butterfly weed Asclepias tuberosa 8a-9b 0- 11 11111 Canna x generalis Canna x generalis 8a-11 1111- 11 Al " . 5 11111 0 Cardinal flower Lobelia cardinalis 8a-11 11-1111 ;0'.. -?0:, 3 11100 Chrysanthemum,garden Chrysanthemum morifolium 8a-9b 11 4li - 3 111E0 Cigar flower Cuphea ignea 10a-11 11- 0 ; , e-` 2 11111 . Cigar plant Cuphea micropetala 9a-11 0 3 11111 ; Climbing aster Aster carolinianus 8a-11 11 -1111 1.5 11111 Cockscomb Celosia argentea(=C.cristata) 8a-11 a- 11 2 11111 Common tickseed Coreopsis leavenworthii 8a-11 11 5 11111 Coreopsis Coreopsis tinctoria 8a-11 O- 11 3 11111 Cosmos Cosmos bipinnatus 8a-11 O 4 11111 -;�- Cream narcissus Narcissus tazetta 8a-9a 11 1.5 MEd Crinum lily Crinum spp. 8a-10b 11 ;' 4 11100 Dotted horsemint Monarda punctata 8a-11 0- 11 �- 4 11111 Dusty miller Senecio cineraria 8a-11 0- 11 ;4- =,!0 1 111] Florida violet Viola sororia 8a-11 11 4.-. 0.5 111 Four o'clock Mirabi/is jalapo 8a-11 11- a 2 1 111r SOIL MOISTURE Dry 66 Moist 6666 Wet LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade Comments Perennial;strap-like basal leaves,2-foot flower spikes with large round flower clusters on top;blue or white spring flowers;problem with chewing insects;medium salt Also called floss flower;not very heat-resistant;cold-tender;problems with aphids,red spiders and leafhoppers;varied spring and summer flowers;requires well-drained soil Perennial;varied spring flowers;may require winter rest to flower well;medium salt • Annual;clusters of 1-inch flowers of varied colors;used along roadways;reseeds;cold-hardy;low salt Perennial;also called silkgrass;often occurs in groups;grass-like,narrow linear leaves with silvery pubescence;yellow spring,summer and fall flowers;likes acidic soil;low salt native Perennial;cold-hardy;prone to root rot and aphids;blue spring flowers;requires well-drained soil;medium salt;native Perennial;also called rain-lily;erect white flowers atop grass-like foliage;amaryllis family;bulb is toxic;threatened in Florida;high salt;native Perennial;also called pineland penstemon;basal rosette;snapdragon family;white spring,summer and fall flowers;likes sandy soil;low salt;native Cold-tender;sun-adapted cultivars available;leaves can be green,bronze or mahogany red;damaged by nematodes;does best during cooler months;likes acidic soil;low salt Perennial;plant in protected locations in central Florida;spreads laterally with age;old clumps may be 10 feet across;orange or blue flowers;likes acidic soil;low salt Annual;not damaged by root-knot nematodes;yellow petals with brown centers;spring,summer and fall flowers;native Annual or perennial;does well in sand;reseeds readily;bi-color rayed flowers;great color variation;few insect problems;high salt;native Perennial;also called dense gayfeather;dramatic spikes of small,thread-like clusters of purple or white flowers in spring,summer and fall;low salt;native Annual;blue flowers in summer and fall;likes sandy soil;high salt;native Perennial;low mounding form;Asian import Stachytarpheta urticifolia has an upright habit;lavender flowers;likes sandy soil;high salt;native Perennial;also called oblongleaf twinflower;likes sandy soil;low salt;native Perennial;also known as pleurisy root;important nectar and larval plant;orange or red spring,summer and fall flowers;likes acidic soil;medium salt wildlife value;native Perennial;colors can be striped or splashed;dwarf cultivars available;problems with canna leaf roller;frost-sensitive;low salt Perennial;stalks of intensely red flowers in spring,summer and fall;low salt;wildlife value;native Perennial;hardiness varies with cultivar;divide in spring;pinching increases bushiness and flowering;problems with nematodes,mites,thrips and aphids; not recommended for south Florida;fall blooms;low salt Perennial;long tubular red flower tipped with black and white,resembling ash on a cigar;spring and summer blooms;low salt Perennial;upright bedding plant;yellow or orange fall blooms;likes sand;low salt;wildlife value Perennial;sprawling;flower color varies;fall blooms;likes sand;low salt;wildlife value;native Annual;many cultivars available;damaged by root-knot nematodes;cold-tender;spring flowers;likes sandy soil;low salt Perennial;found on disturbed sites;yellow petals with brown centers;likes sandy soil;low salt;native Perennial;also called tick-seed;not damaged by root-knot nematode;remove faded flowers to prolong bloom;reseeds;yellow spring and summer flowers; tolerant of well-drained,poor soil;low salt Annual;cold-tender;may need staking;reseeds;varied spring and summer blooms;prefers dry,infertile soil;low salt Perennial;cold-hardy;amaryllis family;white or yellow flowers in winter and spring;prefers clay or alkaline soil;low salt White,pink and red forms available,some striped or multi-colored;problem with chewing insects and caterpillars;prone to leaf spot in south Florida; blooms in spring and summer;likes sandy soil;medium salt Perennial;also called spotted bee balm;aromatic foliage;likes sandy soil;high salt;wildlife value;native Annual;tolerates heat;versatile border plant;silver/gray foliage,yellow spring blooms;must be re-planted every few years;does well in dry or sandy soil;low salt Perennial;also known as common blue violet;blue spring blooms;likes sandy soil;low salt;native Perennial;also called marvel-of-Peru;funnel-shaped flowers open in late afternoon and close in morning;often reseeds;blooms in spring,summer and fall;low salt GROWTH RATE I,._.. Slow HI__ Medium in Fast FLOWERS Florida Soil Mature Hardiness Moisture Light Size Growth Common Name Scientific Name Range Range* Range* (feet) Rate Geranium Pelargonium x hortorum 8b-11 11- 0 2 11E0 Gerbera daisy Gerber°jamesonii 8b-11 11 `B if 1.5 10000 Globe amaranth Gomphrena globosa 8a-11 0- 11 2 11111 Green eyes Berlandiera subacaulis 8a-11 1.5 11111 Impatiens Impatiens spp. 9a-11 11 2 11111 Ins,African Dietes iridioides 9b-10b 0- 11 - 3 Iv Iris,blue flag Iris hexagon 8a-11 11 -" 3 III U Iris,spuria hybrids Iris spp. 8a-9a 11-1111 :if, 2 Depends on species Iris,Virginia Iris virginica 8a-11 ell-1111 ,0,- 3 11100 Iris,yellow African Dietes bicolor 9b-11 0- 11 * _ 3 11100 Kalanchoe Kalanchoe blossfeldina 9b-11 0 4. 1.5 EON Lantana,gold mound Lantana camara'Gold Mound' 9b-11 0 3 11111 Lantana,trailing Lantana montevidensis 9a-11 0 2 11100 Lizards tail Saururus cernuus 8b-11 1111- 11 3 11111 Marigold,French Tagetes patula 8a-11 11 * 2 11111 Marigold,sweet Tagetes lucid° 8b-11 11 3 111CO Mexican sunflower Tithonia diversifolia 9b-11 0- 11 6 11100 Mistflower Conoclinium coelestinum 8a-11 11- 0 2 MOO Moss rose Portulaca grandiflora 8a-11 0- 11 0.5 IllIO Nasturtium Tropaeolum majus 8a-9b 0 1 11111 Paint brush Carphephorus corymbosus 8a-11 0 4 IlIOO Pentas Pentas lanceolata 8a-11 0- /1 4 11111 Petunia Petunia x hybrida 8a-11 11 1.5 III Phlox Phlox subulata 8a-9b 11- 0 • 3 11111 Pineland heliotrope Heliotropium po/yphyllum 9b-11 11- 0 2.5 urn Purple coneflower Echinacea purpurea 8a-11 0- 11 2 III Rain-lily Zephyranthes simpsonii 8a-11 1111- 11 1 IUGJii Rattlesnake master Eryngium yuccifolium 8a-11 0- 11 3 1 ;,.. Sage Salvia spp. 8a-11 11- 0 2-5 Depends on species Sage,lyre-leaved Salvia lyrata 8a-11 11- 0 1.5 III Sage,scarlet Salvia splendens 8a-11 11 2 11111 Sage,tropical red Salvia coccinea 8a-11 0- 11 2 IIIHI Scarlet milkweed Asclepias curassavica 9b-11 0- 11 4 11111 SOIL MOISTURE Dry Moist 6661 Wet LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade Comments Won't flower in shade or if overwatered;blooms in fall,winter and spring;cool-weather annual;likes sandy soil;low salt Perennial;daisy-type flowers,single and double flowers available;don't plant too deep;sand in crown rots plant;low salt Annual;showy,clover-like flower heads;cold-tender;blooms in spring and summer;likes sandy soil;low salt Perennial;greenish-yellow flower;likes sandy soil;low salt;native Annual;reseeds in moist areas;not frost-hardy;may require watering during hottest months;likes sandy soil;low salt Perennial;spreads by rhizomes;white spring flowers;likes sandy soil;low salt Perennial;also called Dixie or prairie iris;found in swamps and wet prairies in north and central Florida;blue spring flowers;likes acidic or sandy soil;low salt;native Perennial;150+cultivars available;different species have different cultural requirements;low salt Perennial;also called Virginia iris;flowers in spring in south Florida and in summer in north Florida;purple,lavender and yellow blooms;low salt;native Perennial;also called fortnight lily;yellow flowers bloom on a two-week cycle in spring and summer;likes sandy soil;low salt Perennial;succulent,often invasive;other species have different forms;common potted plant;spring and summer blooms;prefers sandy soil;medium salt Perennial;gold mound is sterile variety;too much water and fertilizer reduce blooming;foliage damaged at 25°F,freezes to ground at 20°F;does well in sandy,dry sites;high salt;evergreen Perennial;won't tolerate foot traffic or mowing;foliage damaged at 25°F,freezes to ground around 20°F;purple flowers;does well in sandy,dry sites;high salt;evergreen Annual;nodding spikes of white flowers;rhizomatous;forms extensive colonies;likes sandy soil;low salt;native • Annual;summer heat causes temporary decline in flowering;not damaged by root-knot nematodes;yellow or orange flowers in spring,summer and fall;tolerates dry soil;low sett Annual;long-lasting cut flower;prone to scale;yellow spring,summer and fall blooms;low salt Perennial;can be invasive;roots easily;heat-and drought-resistant;yellow spring and summer flowers smell like honey;likes sandy soil;medium salt;wildlife value Perennial;fluffy blue flowers on stalks;hardy,adaptable;plant in north Florida April-May,in central Florida March-April and September-October,in south Florida November-February;likes sandy soil;low salt;native Annual;low-growing succulent;excellent groundcover;fleshy,often reddish,stems;flowers short-lived but prolific;cold-tender;likes sandy soil;medium salt Annual;also called Indian cress;quits flowering during prolonged heat;winter blooms;heavily damaged by root-knot nematodes;tolerates poor,sandy soil;low salt Perennial;aster family with flattish heads of tubular rose-colored flowers;fall blooms;prefers acidic soil;low salt;native Perennial;sprawling shrub;likes sandy soil;low salt;wildlife value Popular annual;cold-hardy to 20°F,can't tolerate heat;bi-colors available;problems with crown rot,aphids and nematodes;fall,winter and spring flowers;low salt Perennial;spreading;cold-hardy;blue,purple or lavender spring flowers;likes sandy soil;low salt Perennial;occurs from Flagler County to Keys;white flowers;likes sandy soil;low salt;native Perennial;clumping;long-lasting cut flowers;purple flowers in spring and summer;prefers well-drained soil;medium salt;native Perennial;herbaceous;grass-like foliage;purple,white and pink flowers;blooms after rains during warm weather;high salt;native Perennial;also called button snakeroot;branched stalks of white,button-like flowers from weakly spiny yucca-like leaves;blooms in spring,summer and fall;likes sandy soil;low salt native Perennial;bushy and upright;many species available;flowering species-dependent;likes sandy soil;low salt Perennial;basal rosette with lyre-shaped red markings on leaves;slender stalks,purple spring flowers;mint family;likes sandy soil;low salt;native Annual;attracts hummingbirds;cut back for multiple flowering;red spring and summer blooms;likes sandy soil;low salt;wildlife value Perennial;reseeds profusely;likes sandy soil;medium salt;wildlife value;native Perennial;also called blood flower and tropical milkweed;orange,red or yellow flowers in spring,summer and fall;likes sandy soil;low salt;wildlife value GROWTH RATE Slow hi Medium if111 Fast FLOWERS Florida Soil Mature Hardiness Moisture Light Size Growth Common Name Scientific Name Range Range* Range* (feet) Rate Scorpion tail Heliotropium angiospermum 9a-11 O 3 II111 Sea oxeye daisy Borrichio frutescens 8b-11 0- 11 3 Seaside goldenrod Solidago sempervirens 8a-11 11 - 0 6 11111 Shasta daisy Chrysanthemum x superbum 8b-11 11 2 Mil Snapdragon Antirrhinum majus 8a-11 11 2 11111 Spider lily Hymenocallis latifolia 9a-11 0— 11 3 III0_1 Spiderwort,blue Trodescantia ohiensis 8a-11 3 11100 Spiral ginger Costus barbatus 8a-11 0— 11 5 III j String-lily Crinum americanum 8a-11 1111- 11 3 111H Sunflower,beach Helianthus debilis 8a-11 0 1.5 11111 Sunflower,narrow-leaved Helianthus angustifolius 8a-9b 11-1111 6 1f 1ljt] Sweet alyssum Lobularia maritima 8a-11 11 1 11111 Sweet William Dianthus barbatus 8a-9b O— 11 1.5 IiIOO Verbena,beach Glandularia moritima 9b-11 O 1.5 11111 Verbena,garden Verbena x hybrida 9a-11 11 1.5 liFut Verbena,moss Glandularia pulchella 8a-11 O- 11 4, 0.5 11111 Verbena,purpletop Verbena bonariensis 8a-9b 0 4 11111 Verbena,Tampa Glandularia tampensis 9b-11 11 - 0 2 IIIOO Wild columbine Aquilegia canadensis 8a-9b O— 11 3 IOOOO Wild petunia Rue/lia caroliniensis 8a-11 O- 11 *s 1.5 UFO Wishbone flower Torenia fournieri 9a-11 1/ 1 11111 Woodland pinkroot Spigelia marilandica 8a-9a 11 2 I1100 Yarrow Achille°millefolium 8a-11 //- 0 1.5 IKKE Yellow canna Canna flaccida 8a-11 11 -1111 4 III11 Yellowtop Flaveria linearis 8b-11 11 - 0 4 11111 SOIL MOISTURE Dry 11 Moist 1111 Wet LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade , rA« .+ `' w T. a. ' w i, ce► 'f q fsfK twF Y. ,,. •+. .i yr c?-.- r,,.� y y ' „Vc� ,t� _ , Comments Perennial;seaside heliotrope,Heliotropium curassavicum,does well on coastal sites;white flowers;prefers sandy soil;native Perennial;forms extensive colonies;silvery foliage,yellow flowers;in southwest Florida,Borrichia arborescens has dark green leaves;likes sandy soil;high salt;native Perennial;doesn't cause allergies;yellow spring and fall blooms;likes sandy soil;high salt;native Annual;white with yellow center,white winter flowers;dwarf varieties available;divide clumps in fall for new plantings;excellent cut flower;low salt Annual;many cultivars available;grows from 6 inches to 6 feet;remove spent flowers for re-bloom;damaged by root-knot nematodes;winter and spring flowers Perennial;fragrant white flowers in spring,summer and fall;stalks grow from strap-like leaves;thin white membrane in center of flower;likes sandy soil;high salt;native Perennial;rhizomatous;forms clumps;blue flowers;native Perennial;also called red torch ginger;showy,waxy red flowers atop tall stalks in spring,summer and fall;large spiral-arranged leaves;sprawling,spreading clump;likes sandy soil;medium salt Perennial;also called swamp lily;tall,fragrant,stringy white flower;blooms in spring,summer and fall;stalks grow from strap-like leaves;amaryllis family;likes acidic soil;low salt;native Perennial;yellow rayed flower with maroon;reseeds readily;may form extensive colonies;likes sandy soil;high salt;native Perennial;bright-yellow rayed flowers in summer and fall;prefers acidic and sandy soil;low salt;native Perennial;grows low to ground;often used for borders or edges;cold-hardy;lavender,purple,pink or white flowers in fall,winter and spring;low salt Annual;also known as sweet William;hardy,grows in north Florida winter;lightly damaged by root-knot nematodes;purple or red flowers in spring,fall and winter;likes sandy soil;low salt Perennial;also called coastal mock vervain;reseeds in sandy disturbed areas;doesn't like mulch;uncommon,threatened;purple flower;prefers sandy soil;high salt;native Perennial;many varieties of cultivars available;problems with scale,mealybug and chewing insects;freezes to ground but will re-grow from roots; needs good air circulation;spring,fall and winter blooms;likes sandy soil;low salt Annual;finely divided leaves;prostrate growth habit;drought-tolerant;can sustain itself with infrequent mowing;purple spring,summer and fall flowers;likes sandy soil;low salt ` Perennial;upright;attracts butterflies;purple flowers in spring and summer;low salt;wildlife value Perennial;purple flowers cluster atop long stalks;blooms in spring,summer and fall;likes sandy soil;high salt;wildlife value;native Perennial;dainty plant with nodding blooms;red or yellow spring flowers;endangered in Florida;prefers alkaline soil;low salt;wildlife value;native Herbaceous;large variety of form and color;red or yellow flowers in spring;likes sandy soil;low salt;native Annual;also called bluewings;escaped cultivation is found on disturbed sites;blooms in spring,fall and winter Perennial;also known as Indian pink;blooms spring and summer;prefers acidic and sandy soil;low salt;wildlife value;native Perennial;clumping growth habit;cold-hardy;white or pink flowers in spring;low salt;native Perennial;good all-around groundcover;comes back from freezes;yellow spring and summer flowers;prefers wet sites and sandy soil;low salt;native Perennial;goldenrod relative with flat-topped clusters of small yellow flowers;likes sandy soil;high salt;native GROWTH RATE Slow r.i Medium _II Fast .0". . 20.,/40\\1111k It —4 —1 ne a? s'. '�a FLOWERS • r ., , . F . •'.4,,•g"- •A. • .. -At:45;s:•• Iris, blue flag . 4 1:... his hexagona •(.. e,,,.;:-,-,,,,v :- ,..' ' • .i.,-...,..-..:-.:.<1. . .‘ .. .,„ \ . : . . ... ....\i •., • - I lit - • ,‘ , ,..1,.. -,. 1 ft. - i 14 lir , ill ..,. . It illow , • s•:r-q••...• . '• • . . . ,,, •4.4( *10 * ..• Nlik ••;"--- ... - .0, •• ' .... .... ait , ,, , • 1511' *5.,111' 1..4" ' 'N. t 44 Alli NI ,....... d•....100..... . - ' . , - ', # • . NI 4 , , •....,,, r , • ,... - ... '-. , ... .Beach —11•%. P.?... 4 r i i. 410140440% (ICILP ' ' pi,- r . f ,.,1 sunflower . , 9•. Helianthus AMistflower 6debilis C010cliniu. n coe lestiit.1 lIi, 1P1.,:•, , AO y ,',.,-;H-.I P._,'...i.Tib•-::--... ,,--;- ..„. , ,110 ' 7V,.' N---''...-g ...; • i , . , (-'' • 4- N '•'1#41 .- a. , ) Ilt• r r , 4,, ,..fa; .. ),111ZN/ ';.•.. . •v . ' dr •"4, ,. ;" 4- t• ' !',1,1°.'"olt, . 1r •arlit t* ' . . .:•...‘ ;f Sage, tropical red Salvia coccinea • , () ' 11 • 1 , . 0 . - # \ No ,,, •, - .4411r4s . ASP • • . , • .-'k"..e..;.1, • _.., s \ 4•101° Ak 4 '' 4 illaltif Ail _ A IA- Wild petunia I Ruellio caroliniensis :4/1 Rain-lily \ Zephyranthes simpsonii "40 "4. • '• v- 11110 st‘ . :`4 4, 4., .: ' ' • t Illiti A '. ' • * I, • 1 N. 4 • 41t.V., ,)‘...!* ' .. .1‘,t,. i •:Ze1111', . 'Tr* t...4 p tijr) .• • ,,.. -, . . , , ,-. .-. - • A " , • - ' '` .,$ */ • I' ) 1 e. At * * Nkikk **41111 Butterfly weed ** Asclepias tuberosa lik, Illth lit 41 k Or -/ gii 1 1.1'. ' '• VniA . - .. .,.. ‘ ,., • \* ,•A' 'r'''. 1 , ,' , ,, ,, 4 „, -:,. ,,, f*,,, ‘ . '^ , • ,,,, .,‘, . Scarlet milkweed Asclepias curassavica Wild columbine Aquilegia canadensis 63 Glossary acid—A condition which is derived by partial plat—A plan or map of a piece of land. exchange of replaceable hydrogen;an element that is sour;on the pH scale,acid conditions are any pH potable—Water suitable for human consumption. below 7.0 which is neutral. practical turf area—A place where grass serves a alkaline—The condition of water or soil that function,such as a child's or pet's play area. contains an amount of alkali substances(various soluble salts)to raise the pH above 7.0;when recharge area—A place where water is able to seep extreme,alkalinity is caustic. into the ground and replenish an aquifer because no confining layer is present. aquifer—A layer of underground rock or sand which stores and carries water. saline—Containing salt. brackish—Somewhat salty. saltwater intrusion—When salt water moves into the freshwater zone of an aquifer,making the water conserve—To use only what is needed. unfit for drinking. deciduous—Losing foliage in autumn or winter. shrub strata—The shrub layer of a forest community, under the canopy and understory tree species. drawdowns—Lowered water levels. sinkhole—A hole in the ground caused by erosion ecotones—Regions where one ecosystem blends of underground limestone. into another. specimen planting—A plant located as a epiphyte—A plant that gets its moisture and stand-alone highlight in a landscape design. nutrients from the air and rain. stormwater runoff—Rainwater that runs off groundcovers—Small plants that live close to the surfaces into water bodies. ground. succession—A series of ecosystem changes where groundwater—Water below the earth's surface. plants compete,succeeding and displacing each other as they respond to,and so modify,their environment. herbaceous—Having the texture,color or appearance of a leaf,with little or no woody tissue. topography—Natural features of land. humus—Decomposed plant or animal matter;the understory—The vegetative layer under a forest organic portion of soil. canopy,but above the shrub and groundcover layers. hydric—Characterized by abundant moisture. water resource caution areas—Areas identified by the water management districts where existing inorganic—Composed of matter other than plant sources of water may not be adequate to supply or animal. water for future human needs while maintaining water resources and related natural systems. leach—To pass through by percolation. water table—The upper limit of where groundwater marl—A loose earthy deposit containing a permeates the ground. substantial amount of calcium carbonate;used for soils deficient in lime. wetlands—Areas containing much soil moisture. mesic—Moist conditions;characterized by a xeric—Characterized by dry conditions;requiring moderate amount of moisture. only a small amount of moisture. microclimate—A small-scale site of special conditions within a larger climate. 64 Bibliography Bailey,Liberty Hyde.Manual of Cultivated Plants. MacCubbin,Tom,and Georgia Tasker.Florida New York:Macmillan, 1949. Gardener's Guide.Franklin,Tenn.:Cool Springs Press, 1997. Bell,C.Ritchie,and Bryan J.Taylor.Florida Wild Flowers and Roadside Plants.Chapel Hill,N.C.: Maxwell,Lewis S.Florida Fruit.Tampa,Fla.:Lewis Laurel Hill Press,1982. S.Maxwell, 1967. Black,Robert J.,and Edward F.Gilman.Your McGeachy,Beth.Handbook of Florida Palms. St.Petersburg,Fla.:Great Outdoors Publishing Florida Guide to Bedding Plants:Selection, Establishment and Maintenance.Gainesville: Company, 1977. University Press of Florida, 1997. Meerow,Alan W.Betrock's Guide to Landscape Brandies,Monica Moran.Herbs and Spices for Palms.Hollywood,Fla.:Betrock Information Florida Gardens.Wayne,Pa.:B.B.Mackay Books, Systems, 1992. 1996. Morton,Julia F.Fruits of Warm Climates. Broschat,Timothy K.,and Alan W.Meerow. Winterville,N.C.:Creative Resource Systems, 1987. Betrock's Reference Guide to Florida Landscape Myers,Ronald L.,and John J.Ewel,eds.Ecosystems Plants.Hollywood,Fla.:Betrock Information of Florida.Orlando,Fla.:University of Central Systems, 1996. Florida Press, 1991. Dehgan,Bijan.Landscape Plants for Subtropical Nelson,Gil.The Trees of Florida.Sarasota,Fla.: Climates.Gainesville:University Press of Florida, Pineapple Press, 1994. 1998. .The Shrubs and Woody Vines of Florida. Gilman,Edward F.Betrock's Florida Plant Guide. Sarasota,Fla.:Pineapple Press, 1996. Hollywood,Fla.:Betrock Information Systems, 1996. Ruppert,Kathleen C.,and Robert J.Black.Florida Lawn Handbook.Gainesville:University Press of .Horticopia:Trees,Shrubs and Florida, 1998. Groundcovers,2d ed.CD-ROM.Purcellville,Va.: Horticopia, 1998. Stresau,Frederic.Florida,My Eden.Port Salerno, Fla.:Florida Classics Library, 1986. .Horticopia:Perennials and Annuals,2d ed.CD-ROM.Purcellville,Va.:Horticopia, 1998. Suncoast Native Plant Society.The Right Plants for Dry Places:Native Plant Landscaping in Central Gilman,Edward F.,and Robert J.Black.Your Florida.St.Petersburg,Fla.:Great Outdoors Florida Guide to Shrubs.Gainesville:University Publishing Company, 1997. Press of Florida, 1999. Taylor,Walter Kingsley.The Guide to Florida Haehle,Robert G.,and Joan Brookwell.Native Wildflowers.Dallas,Texas:Taylor Publishing Florida Plants.Houston,Texas:Gulf Publishing Company, 1992. Company, 1999. .Florida Wildflowers in Their Natural Jameson,Michael,and Richard Moyroud,eds. Communities.Gainesville:University Press of Xeric Landscaping With Florida Native Plants.N.p. Florida, 1998. Association of Florida Native Nurseries, 1991. Wasowski,Sally.Gardening With Native Plants of Langeland,K.A.,and K.Craddock Burks,eds. the South.Dallas,Texas:Taylor Publishing Identification and Biology of Non-Native Plants in Company, 1994. Florida's Natural Areas.Gainesville:Institute of Watkins,John,and Thomas J.Sheehan.Florida Food and Agricultural Sciences Publications, Landscape Plants,revised edition.Gainesville: University of Florida, 1999. University Press of Florida, 1975. Little,Elbert L.National Audubon Society Field Wunderlin,Richard.Guide to the Vascular Plants Guide to North American Trees,Eastern Region. of Florida.Gainesville:University Press of Florida, New York:Alfred A.Knopf, 1980. 1998. Mabberley,D.J.The Plant-Book:A Portable Yarlett,Lewis L.Common Grasses of Florida and Dictionary of the Higher Plants.Cambridge, the Southeast.Spring Hill,Fla.:Florida Native Mass.:University Press, 1987. Plant Society, 1996. Florida's water management districts • St.Johns River Water OQ�0.81'4% South Florida Water ;��' Southwest Florida Water JI Management District o Management District '''' "?1" Management District • `'� P.O.Box 1429 i. •` P.O.Box 24680 >f% . " 2379 Broad Street 1°� r Palatka,FL 32178-1429 r' : .y��, West Palm Beach,FL ti �M Brooksville,FL 34609 (800)RALLY 22 33416-4680 (800)423-1476 (800)432-2045 W' Northwest Florida Water Suwannee River Water i. Management District Management District 81 Water Management Drive c,,,,,- 9225 County Road 49 Havana,FL 32333 ' Live Oak,FL 32060 (850)539-5999 (800)226-1066 This guide was produced by Florida's water management districts to inform the public of landscape methods that support water conservation. This guide was printed at a cost of 61 cents each. Printed on recycled paper 2/01 v Q Q n Q N � m O h Lf (D-- a (D S O Q- � (D — (D -n Q 6' (D -"i 3 N n N rt D (D �•. Q f n O O . -6 " O O -�, (D p sQ LLG (D (D �=. fl O 2 (D . 3 Q -p > Q X N. G O O N fl (Q N CD n y 2 lD •• d •�} •+ •+ •+ •� rP d d ^' N w w C 'C} w o. 1 w 8�y 'd n h7 w ��/y- •,, ow cn GAh G F• p "p 'art' ry a O C O n '�' .G, rt ° m' 7 ~ `C . 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JGAIJ ey uID4u'bua sdlay dnojB ,sa04ao8 FLORIDA'S WATERWAYS NEED YOU You can make a difference in your community while helping to protect Florida's water resources by joining the Watershed Action Volunteers (WAVs) of the St. Johns River Water Management District. It's easy. Give just a few hours each month — all ages, indoor and outdoor opportunities —and receive lifetime of satisfaction. The WAV program is an effort by the District to enlist volunteers to help monitor and protect the St. Johns River and to help maintain all of north Florida's vital water resources. WATERWAY PROBLEMS Algae blooms, fish kills, deteriorating water quality and destruction of wildlife habitat and natural areas are only a few of the problems faced by our waterways. We all depend on our water resources for drinking, recreation, food and jobs. WHAT WE'RE DOING Many people don't realize that their daily actions can affect area waterways. That's why the District created and sponsors the WAV program, enlisting more people in caring about our watersheds — the area where water drains and is collected. WAVs perform a variety of valuable tasks as individuals or in groups. They are trained to use field test kits for monitoring water quality, survey streams for sources of pollution, participate in revegetation projects and shoreline cleanups, and help out in the field, in laboratories and in offices. Volunteers are also trained to prepare and give educational presentations to school groups, civic associations, clubs and other organizations. To learn more and to join, please fill out the volunteer information form and mail to the address provided. Make a difference! Yes! I want to know more about the WAV program'- and how I can help Florida's waterways. Please send information to the address below: Name Mailing address City Zip code Phone number (, j E-mail address Please check your area(s) of interest: ❑ Watershed field volunteer ❑ Watershed education volunteer Ll Water quality volunteer ❑ Office volunteer ❑ Other Thank you for your interest in helping to protect Florida's water resources! St. Johns River Water Management District Watershed Action Volunteer program P.O. Box 1429 • Palatka, FL 32178-1429 (800) 451-7106 • (386) 329-4500 On the Internet: www.sirwmd.com/info/enviroed/wav/volunteers.html 07101 /\j VOLUNTEERS S1 Johns River Water Management District outdoor or indoors, you can make adifference.